Analysis of African swine fever epizootics in western Poland

African swine fever (ASF), remains serious epidemiologic and economic concern in pig industry in Europe and Asia. The true rates of ASF spread in the individual countries, affected by this disease, are different from the theoretical scenarios. The most unpredictable factor, which is also crucial in the new episodes of ASF in wild boar observed in the areas thus far free from this disease, is human activity. These areas could be located several to even hundred kilometers from the current region of ASF occurrence in wild boar. An example may be represented by the occurrence of ASF cases in wild boar around Warsaw area in 2017, as well as in western Poland in autumn 2019. Therefore ASF may spread in wild boar population not only in a low, “natural” way, at a rate of 1–2 km per month, but also by human-mediated transfer of the virus at a rate of dozens or hundreds of kilometers. The administrative measures introduced by the Chief Veterinary Officer and the representatives of Veterinary Inspection in Poland, aimed at limiting further ASF expansion in wild boar to northern, western and southern regions. Further scenario for ASF spreading in wild boar and pig population will depend on joint, consistent and effective actions and collaboration between the Veterinary Inspection, hunters and pig producers in Poland

Metabolic syndrome is associated with similar long-term prognosis in non-obese and obese patients. An analysis of 45 615 patients from the nationwide LIPIDOGRAM 2004-2015 cohort studies

Aims We aimed to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and long-term all-cause mortality. Methods The LIPIDOGRAM studies were carried out in the primary care in Poland in 2004, 2006 and 2015. MetS was diagnosed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. The cohort was divided into four groups: non-obese patients without MetS, obese patients without MetS, non-obese patients with MetS and obese patients with MetS. Differences in all-cause mortality was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results 45,615 participants were enrolled (mean age 56.3, standard deviation: 11.8 years; 61.7% female). MetS was diagnosed in 14,202 (31%) by NCEP/ATP III criteria, and 17,216 (37.7%) by JIS criteria. Follow-up was available for 44,620 (97.8%, median duration 15.3 years) patients. MetS was associated with increased mortality risk among the obese (hazard ratio, HR: 1.88 [95% CI, 1.79-1.99] and HR: 1.93 [95% CI 1.82-2.04], according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria, respectively) and non-obese individuals (HR: 2.11 [95% CI 1.85-2.40] and 1.7 [95% CI, 1.56-1.85] according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria respectively). Obese patients without MetS had a higher mortality risk than non-obese patients without MetS (HR: 1.16 [95% CI 1.10-1.23] and HR: 1.22 [95%CI 1.15-1.30], respectively in subgroups with NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria applied). Conclusions MetS is associated with increased all-cause mortality risk in non-obese and obese patients. In patients without MetS obesity remains significantly associated with mortality. The concept of metabolically healthy obesity should be revised