Depression and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes

Background: Frequency of mood disorders in patients with chronic diseases, especially diabetes and its effects on life quality are dramatically increasing. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relation between depression and quality of life in patients with diabetes. Patients and Methods: This is a cross sectional survey. Subjects were selected from 330 eligible people referred to the only diabetes clinic in Gorgan City during 6 months, using systematic random sampling. Beak Depression questionnaire and the brief questioner with 26 questions recommended by the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF) were used to measure depression and quality of life, respectively. Data were analyzed through descriptive methods, Chi-square, Independent t test and linear regression model using SPSS16; moreover, P value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: In total, 330 patients with diabetes (35.5% male and 64.5% women) were studied. The mean and standard deviation of their age and years involved with diabetes were 50.6 ± 9.0 and 5.4 ± 4.5 years, respectively. Range of age was 25 - 75 years, as well. The prevalence of depression in all patients with diabetes was 58.2% (124 mild, 56 medium, and 12 with severe depression). Hypertension was 13.9% more in diabetic patients with depression (P value < 0.001) and physical activity in 24.7% of the cases was less with a meaningful difference (P value = 0.01). The mean and standard deviation of quality of life in diabetic patients with and without depression was 50.7 ± 14 and 60.5 ± 13.3, respectively that was significant in two groups (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The prevalence of depression is high in patients with diabetes and has a considerable impact on the consequences of diabetes and quality of life too. © 2015, Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal

Determinants of childhood obesity in representative sample of children in north east of iran

Childhood obesity has become, a global public health problem, and epidemiological studies are important to identify its determinants in different populations. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with obesity in a representative sample of children in Neishabour, Iran. This study was conducted among 1500 randomly selected 6-12-year-old students from urban areas of Neishabour, northeast of Iran. Then, through a case-control study, 114 obese (BMI � 95 th percentile of Iranian reference) children were selected as the case group and were compared with 102 controls (15 th � BMI 85 th percentile). Factors suggested to be associated with weight status were investigated, for example, parental obesity, child physical activity levels, socio-economic status (SES), and so forth. The analysis was conducted using univariate and multivariate logistic regression (MLR) in SPSS version 16. In univariate logistic regression model, birth weight, birth order, family extension, TV watching, sleep duration, physical activity, parents job, parents education, parental obesity history, and SES were significantly associated with childrens obesity. After MLR analysis, physical activity and parental obesity history remained statistically significant in the model. Our findings showed that physical activity and parental obesity history are the most important determinants for childhood obesity in our population. This finding should be considered in implementation of preventive interventions. Copyright © 2012 Fereshteh Baygi et al

Effect of educational intervention on self-care behaviors among patients with diabetes: An application of PRECEDE model

Introduction: Diabetes is a common noncommunicable disease across the world with a remarkable rate of early death in some countries. This survey aimed to assess the effect of educational intervention on self-care behaviors among patients with diabetes, an application of PRECEDE model. Materials and Methods: A randomized control trial study was conducted on 106 patients with type 2 diabetes who had active records in the diabetes clinics (just two clinics) in the Iranian city of Gorgan. Patients were randomly assigned into control (53 patients) and intervention (53 patients) arms. Data were collected using a three-part questionnaire including (1) a self-care behavior questionnaire based on PRECEDE model, (2) a checklist of demographic and anthropometric characteristic, and (3) a patient sheet to record glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). To analyze data, Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA repeated measure, Tukey tests, and linear regression model were applied. P < 0.05 was taken into account as statistically significant. Results: The mean age of patients in the control and intervention groups was 58.09 ± 1.6 and 51.55 ± 8.3 years, respectively. HbA1C and body mass index were more decreased in the intervention group as compared to the control group. At 6 months follow-up, enabling factors, knowledge, and attitude were the strongest predictors of the self-care behaviors. Conclusion: Designing an educational intervention based on PRECEDE model appeared to be likely useful to promote self-care behaviors and control diabetes among patients with type 2 diabetes. © 2017 Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health

Effect of motivational interviewing on weight efficacy lifestyle among women with overweight and obesity: A randomized controlled trial

Obesity and overweight have become increasingly a major public health problem across the world. This study aimed at exploring the effects of motivational interviewing on weight efficacy lifestyle among women with obesity and overweight. A single-blind randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 100 overweight and obese women who attended a nutrition clinic. The samples were selected based on the clinical records and assigned into two groups, namely motivational interviewing arm (50 samples) and nutrition education arm (50 samples). Data were collected using a standard validated questionnaire entitled “weight efficacy lifestyle”. The intervention was designed according to five motivation sessions and four nutrition education programs, such that the participants of the nutrition education arm were also provided with the nutrition pamphlets related to weight control. Data were finally analyzed using the SPSS statistical software by performing the independent t-test, chi-square, LSD and repeated measures ANOVA tests. P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The mean age of women was 39.9±9.1 and 36.3±8.9 years in the control and motivational interviewing arms, respectively. Compared with the control group, the score of the motivational interviewing group was statistically significant in terms of weight efficacy lifestyle P=0.0001) and all subscales including social pressure (P=0.0001), physical discomfort (P=0.005), food accessibility (P=0.0001), positive and entertainment activities (P=0.0001), as well as negative emotions (P=0.003). Motivational interviewing appeared to be effective in increasing weight efficacy lifestyle among women with overweight and obesity. © 2017, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

The effect of weight loss program on overweight and obese females based on protection motivation theory: A randomized control trial

Background: It is especially true that prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing worldwide and it is probably because of changes in diet and physical behavior pattern. Objectives: The current study aimed to test the effect of weight loss program on overweight and obese females based on protection motivation theory. Methods: A randomized clinical trial (RCT) was implemented in the form of single blind. In total, 150 females with overweight and obesity were randomly divided into three groups including: 1, standard program group; 2, motivation interviewing (MI) group and; 3, motivation interviewing (MI) and intention intervention (II) condition (50 subjects in each group). They participated in a randomized clinical trial, also attended a private nutrition clinic in Gorgan city (Golestan province, North of Iran) for the first time. A researcher-made questionnaire and participant’s sheets (including three days food recall and anthropometric traits) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS (ver.11) and statistical tests including Kruskal-Wallis, One-way ANOVA, Friedman test, Tukey test, Paired T-test and linear regression model were employed. Results: The mean age of females was 38.45 ± 9.49 years, most of them had academic degree 46.7 (n = 70), 78.7 (n = 118) were married and 60.7 (n = 91) were housewives. ANOVA repeated measure test showed that daily energy intake decreased two (P = 0.001) and six months (P = 0.001), weight (P = 0.007) and body mass index (BMI) (0.005) after intervention. Threat appraisal statistically differed six months after intervention (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Motivational interviewing resulted in decreased daily energy intake, anthropometric characteristics as well as augmented scores of coping and threat appraisal. © 2016, Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal

Eleven year epidemiological study of tuberculosis in Golestan Province, Northern of Iran

Background: At present, researchers were aimed at exploring the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) in Golestan Province in North of Iran that usually ranks 2nd or 1st, alternatively. Methods: An epidemiological study of 11 years was carried out over 8405 patients with TB from 2005 to 2014 years. Data were collected from Health System of the Ministry of Health in Iran using a patient-sheet. Descriptive statistics were applied to report the results. Results: Of those screened, the vast majority of patients with newly diagnosed smear-positive 1799 (41.6) and smear-positive with relapse 203 (56.5) were referred from Health System (outpatient cases). Given the newly diagnosed TB, 3559 and 264 of smear-positive were treated and died, respectively; while, 1196 and 119 of smearnegative cases were accordingly treated completely and died. Conclusion: The vast majority of TB cases are infected by pulmonary TB, educational preventive programs seem likely more useful to control the disease. © 2020, Iranian Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved

Understanding the behaviour of cigarette smoking among Iranian smokers: Application of trans-theoretical model

Background: The Transtheoretical model has been widely used in the subject of cigarette smoking. This study aimed to understand the behaviour of smoking in smokers, according to the Transtheoretical model. Material and Methods: Secondary analysis on two separate studies in different cities across the country was performed on 844 individuals who were enrolled via convenient sampling in 2010 and 2013. Measures used in this study include the process of change questionnaire of Prochaska et al., questionnaire of Di Clemente et al., questionnaire of temptation and decisional balance of Velicer et al. The gathered data were analysed using SPSS version 18 and Kruskall Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Cohen's criterion for standardized effect size was used along with Spearman rank correlation. Results: All constructs of the Transtheoretical model showed significant differences along the stages of cigarette consumption. Experiential Process of self-re-evaluation had the largest effect size (0.207). It was followed by the cons of smoking with effect size of 0.17. Dramatic relief and helping relationships had the smallest effect sizes with 0.025 and 0.048 respectively. Conclusion: This study shows that the process of self-re-evaluation and cons of smoking are the most powerful predicators of development during the stages of smoking behaviour change. © 2017 DAR Publishers/The University of Jordan. All Rights Reserved

Effective factors on Fast food consumption among high-school students based on planned behavior theory

Background and Objective: Individuals habit has been changed due to technology improvement as a result fast food consumption has dramatically increased in Iran. This study was done to determine the effective factors on Fast food consumption among high-school students based on planned behavior theory. Methods: This descriptive-analytic, cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 high-school students in Aliabad city in Golestan province in north of Iran in one year study from October 2014-2015. A valid and reliable researcher-made and self-administered questionnaire based on TPB constructs (including attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and behavior intention) was utilized to collect the data. Results: The frequency of fast food consumption was 4.01 per month and hamburger and pizza were the most prevalent fast foods. TPB explained fast food consumption behaviors with relatively high R2 around 0.65, effectively. Frequency of fast food consumption was significantly associated with behavioral intention and subjective norms (P<0.05). Conclusion: As friends are the effective subjective norm for student fast food consumption therefore, they must specifically be considered in developing beneficial educational interventions