Bats caught by spiders. A -

<p>Adult female <i>Avicularia urticans</i> feeding on a Greater Sac-winged Bat (<i>Saccopteryx bilineata</i>) on the side of a palm tree near the Rio Yarapa, Peru (photo by Rick West, Victoria, Canada; report # 1). <b>B -</b> Adult Proboscis Bat (<i>Rhynchonycteris naso</i>) entangled in a web of <i>Argiope savignyi</i> at the La Selva Biological Station, northern Costa Rica (photo by Mirjam Knörnschild, Ulm, Germany; report # 14). <b>C -</b> Dead bat (presumably <i>Centronycteris centralis</i>) entangled in an orb-web in Belize (photo by Carol Farneti-Foster, Belice City, Belize; report # 12). <b>D -</b> Dead bat (<i>Myotis</i> sp.) entangled in a web of <i>Nephila clavipes</i> in La Sirena, Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica (photo by Harald & Gisela Unger, Köln, Germany; report # 17). <b>E -</b> A bat caught in the web of an araneid spider (possibly <i>Eriophora</i> sp.) in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica (photo by Cassidy Metcalf, USA; report # 18). <b>F -</b> Live bat trapped in web of <i>Nephilengys cruentata</i> in a thatch roof at Nisela Lodge, Swaziland (photo by Donald Schultz, Hollywood, USA; report # 47). <b>G -</b> Volant juvenile Proboscis Bat (<i>Rhynchonycteris naso</i>) entangled in web of <i>Nephila clavipes</i> photographed in a palm swamp forest near Madre de Dios, Peru (photo by Sam Barnard, Colorado Springs, USA; report # 7). <b>H -</b> Dead bat entangled in web of a female <i>Nephila clavipes</i> in tropical rainforest in the middle of the Rio Dulce River Canyon near Livingston, Guatemala (photo by Sam & Samantha Bloomquist, Indianapolis, USA; report # 11). <b>I -</b> Dead bat (<i>Rhinolophus cornutus orii</i>) caught in the web of a female <i>Nephila pilipes</i> on Amami-Oshima Island, Japan (photo by Yasunori Maezono, Kyoto University, Japan; report # 35). <b>J, K -</b> A small bat (superfamily Rhinolophoidea) entangled in web of <i>Nephila pilipes</i> at the top of the Cockatoo Hill near Cape Tribulation, Queensland, Australia (photo by Carmen Fabro, Cockatoo Hill, Australia; report # 39). The spider pressed its mouth against the dead, wrapped bat, indicating that it was feeding on it. A <i>Nephila pilipes</i> male also present in the web (<b>K</b>) may have been feeding on the bat as well. <b>L -</b> Dead vespertilionid bat entangled in the web of a female <i>Nephila pilipes</i> in the Aberdeen Country Park, Hong Kong (photo by Carol S.K. Liu from AFCD Hong Kong, China; report # 32).</p

Fresh weight and body length (cephalothorax plus abdomen) of adult spiders reported to catch bats (arranged in alphabethical order).

<p><i>Epeira bilineata</i> and <i>Epeira heraldica</i> are now termed <i>Araneus bilineatus</i> and <i>Araneus heraldicus</i> and placed in the family Araneidae under <i>Nomina dubia</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058120#pone.0058120-Platnick1" target="_blank">[33]</a>. * Weight estimated using data for similar-sized adult female <i>Argiope argentata</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058120#pone.0058120-Robinson4" target="_blank">[132]</a>.</p

Geographic distribution of bat catching spiders worldwide.

<p>The map depicts the locations were spiders were observed catching bats (red dots). Large red dots indicate that several reports originated from the same geographic region. Numbers refer to the detailed report description (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058120#pone.0058120.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a>).</p

Fresh weight and wingspan of bat species reported to be captured by spiders (arranged in alphabethical order).

<p>The data refer to adults if not indicated otherwise. The species name <i>Vespertilio irretitus</i> has changed to <i>Pipistrellus abramus</i> (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058120#pone.0058120-Wilson2" target="_blank">[32]</a>).</p>*<p>Wingspan estimation based on data from <i>Rhynchonycteris naso</i> (smaller than <i>Centronycteris centralis</i>) and <i>Saccopteryx bilineata</i> (larger than <i>Centronycteris centralis</i>) published in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058120#pone.0058120-Norberg1" target="_blank">[86]</a>.</p>**<p>Reported values refer to data from <i>Glossophaga soricina</i>.</p

Foraging mode and echolocation call frequency of adult bat species reported to be captured in spider webs (arranged in order of increasing peak frequency).

<p>The species name <i>Vespertilio irretitus</i> has changed to <i>Pipistrellus abramus</i> (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058120#pone.0058120-Wilson2" target="_blank">[32]</a>).</p

Structural description of the neonate giant otter vocal repertoire.

<p>Structural description of the neonate giant otter vocal repertoire.</p

Percentage of misclassified cases in the cross-validated DFA, listing the vocalizations with which the misclassified cases have been confused by the DFA^*.

<p>* given for calls correctly classified less than 50.0%. ** Original vocalization was correctly classified in >50.0% of the cases.</p><p>Percentage of misclassified cases in the cross-validated DFA, listing the vocalizations with which the misclassified cases have been confused by the DFA^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112562#nt101" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p

Territorial choruses of giant otter groups (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>) encode information on group identity - Fig 3

<p><b>Signal spaces depicting context-specific differences and group signatures for group choruses (a-c) and wavering screams (d-e).</b> The signal spaces are defined by discriminant function analyses (on test data sets). Relative positions of vocalizations are marked with different symbols; lines depict the connection between vocalizations from the same behavioural context (<b>a, d</b>) or social group (<b>b, c, e</b>) to their respective centroids. Group chorus excerpts from three behavioral contexts (<b>a</b>), from six giant otter groups in alarm (<b>b</b>) and from four giant otter groups during begging (<b>c</b>) are shown. Wavering screams from three behavioral contexts (<b>d</b>) and from four giant otter groups during begging (<b>e</b>) are shown. Symbols of all social groups in analyses are listed in (<b>f</b>).</p

Exemplary calls for the vocal repertoire of giant otters.

<p>Calls were obtained from wild and captive individuals. The spectrograms depict frequency over time and were generated using a 1024-point FFT and a Hann window with 75% overlap. The oscillograms show pressure changes over time. a) Cohesion: contact and coordination calls. From left to right: bark, close call, contact call, contact call gradation, hum, hum gradation, hum short, isolation call, whistle, whistle double, and underwater call. b) Alarm calls. From left to right: growl, hah!, snort, and wavering scream. c) Begging calls. From left to right: ascending scream, begging call, begging scream, begging scream gradation, and whine. d) Other calls. From left to right: mating call and suckling call.</p

Assessment of model fit of the discriminant function analysis.

<p>Assessment of model fit of the discriminant function analysis.</p