Sozialer Rückhalt bei Altersgenossen und seine Rolle im gemeinsamen Umgang von Präadoleszenten und Adoleszenten, die sich einsam fühlen

Cilj je ovog istra`ivanja ispitati odnos izme|u usamljenosti kao emocionalnoga korelata prilagodbe i kvalitete vr{nja~kih odnosa. Ispitivanje je provedeno na djeci od 10 i 12 godina i ponovljeno je na istoj djeci nakon dvije godine (12 i 14 godina). Polaze}i od pretpostavke da je osje}aj usamljenosti rezultat deficita u socijalnim odnosima i Sullivanove teorije o interpersonalnim odnosima, u radu polazimo od hipoteze da je predadolescencija i adolescencija razvojno razdoblje u kojem va`no mjesto zauzima potreba za intimnosti, koju dijete zadovoljava u interakciji s najboljim prijateljem. Stoga sigurnost, ljubav, podr{ka koju dijete zadovoljava u odnosu s prijateljem onemogu}uje pojavu usamljenosti. U ispitivanju su rabljene skale koje mjere odnos s prijateljem i skala koja mjeri emocionalnu usamljenost. Rezultati istra`ivanja upu}uju na zaklju~ak da postoji zna~ajna korelacija izme|u usamljenosti i kvalitete prijateljstva te socijalne podr{ke u prvom i u drugom ispitivanju, dok kod mla|eg uzrasta (prvo mjerenje) zna~ajno mjesto zauzimaju i drugi aspekti odnosa s vr{njacima. Percepcija socijalne podr{ke zna~ajan je prediktor osje}aja usamljenosti kod oba uzrasta, dok je reciprocitet zna~ajan prediktor samo kod skupine mla|e djece. Mo`emo zaklju~iti da je zadovoljstvo vr{nja~kim odnosima va`no u do`ivljaju osje}aja usamljenosti, a najzna~ajnije mjesto zauzima do`ivljaj socijalne podr{ke. Dobiveni rezultati interpretiraju se u okviru Sullivanove teorije interpersonalnih odnosa (Sullivan, 1953.).The aim of this research was to examine the relation between loneliness as an emotional correlate of adjustment and peer relationships. The samples consisted of 151 school children, 10 and 12 years old. The research was repeated after two years on the same samples. The initial hypothesis of the investigation was that loneliness is the result of deficient social relations, especially relations with peers in preadolescence and adolescence when the need for intimacy is stressed. According to Sullivan\u27s interpersonal theory, the child satisfies the need for intimacy in interaction with a friend. Therefore the security, love and support which the child gets in its relationship with friends prevents loneliness. Several aspects of the quality of friendship were assessed: friendship quality, perception of social support, reciprocity of friendship and mutuality. The indicator for the quality of loneliness was the feeling of emotional loneliness. The findings suggest significant correlations between emotional loneliness and friendship quality and perception of social support in both measurings. In young children (first measuring) a significant position is taken by other aspects of peer relationships. Perception of social support was a significant predictor of feeling of loneliness in both measurings, and reciprocity of friendship was a significant predictor only in the first measuring. A significant gender difference in friendship relationships and feeling of loneliness was found. It can be concluded that satisfaction with peer relationships has a significant place in the feeling of loneliness, and especially the perception of social support. The findings of this research are discussed within the context of the Interpersonal theory (Sullivan, 1953).Mit dieser Arbeit sollte der Bezug zwischen Abkapselung als eines emotionellen Korrelats der Anpassung einerseits und der Qualität des gemeinsamen Umgangs von Altersgenossen andererseits untersucht werden. Die Untersuchung wurde an Kindern im Alter von 10 und 12 Jahren durchgeführt und nach zwei Jahren in derselben Gruppe von Kindern (nun im Alter von 12 und 14 Jahren) wiederholt. Die Autorin geht aus von der Einstellung, dass das Gefühl der Einsamkeit aus mangelndem sozialem Umgang mit anderen resultiert, sowie von Sullivans Theorie interpersonaler Verhältnisse. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass Präadoleszenz und Adoleszenz ein Entwicklungsabschnitt sind, in dem das Bedürfnis nach Intimität einen wichtigen Stellenwert hat, und das Kind befriedigt dieses Bedürfnis im Umgang mit seinem besten Freund / seiner besten Freundin. Sicherheit, Liebe und sozialer Rückhalt beim besten Freund / bei der besten Freundin sind daher die besten Mittel, um eine Abkapselung zu verhindern. Bei dieser Untersuchung wurden Skalen eingesetzt, deren eine das Verhältnis zum Freund ermitteln (Freundschaftsskala, Skala zur Wahrnehmung des sozialen Rückhalts, Skala zur Einschätzung der Reziprozität des Freundschaftsverhältnisses), während anhand einer weiteren Skala die emotionale Einsamkeit gemessen werden sollte. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse legen den Schluss nahe, dass bei der ersten wie auch der zweiten Untersuchung (zwei Jahre später) eine bedeutsame Korrelation besteht zwischen der Einsamkeit einerseits und der Qualität von Freundschaftsverhältnissen und dem sozialen Umgang andererseits, während bei der jüngeren Generation (erste Untersuchung) auch andere Aspekte im Verhältnis zu den Altersgenossen einen wichtigen Stellenwert einnehmen. Die Wahrnehmung des sozialen Rückhalts war in beiden Untersuchungen ein wichtiger Prädiktor für das Gefühl der Einsamkeit, während die Reziprozität nur bei den jüngeren Kindern (erste Messung) ein bedeutender Prädiktor war. Man kann schließen, dass die Einschätzung des Verhältnisses zu den Altersgenossen wesentlich dazu beitragen kann, ob sich ein Kind einsam fühlt oder nicht. Die wichtigste Rolle spielt jedoch das Gefühl, Rückhalt im sozialen Umfeld gefunden zu haben. Die gewonnenen Untersuchungsergebnisse werden im Rahmen von Sullivans Theorie der interpersonalen Verhältnisse (Sullivan, 1953) interpretiert

Der Einfluß des Unterrichts in kleinen Arbeitsgruppen auf Kenntniserwerb und Zufriedenheit von Studenten

Cilj istraživanja bio je usporediti učinke klasičnog podučavanja i učinke kooperativnog (suradničkog) podučavanja na studente. Učinci su se promatrali na kognitivnom planu (procjenom stereotipnih znanja) i na motivacijskom planu (subjektivnom procjenom zadovoljstva realiziranom nastavom). Studenti (N=71) su podijeljeni u dvije skupine (N1=41, N2=30), a nastavu iz razvojne psihologije slušali su na dva definirana načina (klasičan i kooperativan u malim skupinama). Druga, manja skupina studenata podijeljena je u dvije još manje skupine (po 15 studenata u svakoj). Prije i nakon završetka edukacije (poslije dva mjeseca, odnosno nakon realiziranih osam predavanja i osam radionica) provedeno je ispitivanje spomenutim mjernim instrumentima. Rezultati analize varijance ukazuju na zaključak da postoji razlika u količini stereotipa koji se značajno povećavaju u funkciji tradicionalne edukacije. Značajno veće zadovoljstvo načinom realizacije nastave pokazuju studenti koji su podučavani kooperativnom metodom podučavanja. Različite učinke podučavanja mogli bismo objasniti intrinzičnom motivacijom koja se razvija tijekom kooperativnog podučavanja.The aim of this research was to compare the effects of classic teaching and the effects of cooperative teaching of students. These effects were observed on the cognitive level (assessment of stereotype knowledge) and motivational level (subjective assessment of satisfaction with the teaching realized). The students (N=71) were separated into two groups (N1=41, N2=30), and they attended lectures in developmental psychology, which were presented to them in two defined ways (the classic method and cooperative method in small groups). The second, smaller group of students was divided into two yet smaller groups (15 students in each). Before and after the teaching process (two months elapsed comprising 8 lectures and 8 workshops) the measuring instruments previously mentioned were used to carry out the examinations. The results of the variance analysis indicate that there is a difference in the quantity of stereotypes, which were considerably higher with traditional education. Significantly greater satisfaction with the way the teaching was carried out was expressed by students in the cooperative teaching method group. The different effects of teaching could be explained by intrinsic motivation, which developed during cooperative teaching.Ziel dieser Untersuchung war, am Beispiel von Studenten die Auswirkungen klassischer Unterrichtsweise mit der Kooperation in Gruppen zu vergleichen. Die Auswirkungen wurden auf kognitiver Ebene (Bewertung stereotypen Wissens) und auf dem Plan der Motivation (subjektive Einschätzung der Zufriedenheit mit dem realisierten Unterricht) geprüft. Die Studenten (N = 71) wurden in zwei Gruppen geteilt (N1 = 41, N2 = 30). Das Lehrfach war Entwicklungspsychologie und wurde in den zwei definierten Weisen präsentiert (klassisch und in kooperativer Form, d.h. in kleinen Gruppen). Die zweite, kleinere Gruppe wurde nochmals geteilt und bestand aus 2 kleinen Gruppen zu je 15 Studenten. Wissensstand und Zufriedenheit der Testpersonen wurden vor und nach dem jeweiligen Lehrgang (nach 2 Monaten bzw. nach 8 Vorlesungen und 8 Workshops) geprüft. Die Ergebnisse der Varianzanalyse verweisen auf den Schluß, daß es Unterschiede gibt hinsichtlich der Menge stereotypen Wissens, das im Falle der traditionellen Lehrweise wesentlich größer ist. Wesentlich größer ist jedoch die Zufriedenheit bei Studenten, die nach der kooperativen Methode unterrichtet wurden. Diese unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen könnte man durch das Phänomen intrinsischer Motivation erklären, welche sich im Verlauf einer kooperativen Unterrichtsweise entwickelt

Sozialer Rückhalt bei Altersgenossen und seine Rolle im gemeinsamen Umgang von Präadoleszenten und Adoleszenten, die sich einsam fühlen

Cilj je ovog istra`ivanja ispitati odnos izme|u usamljenosti kao emocionalnoga korelata prilagodbe i kvalitete vr{nja~kih odnosa. Ispitivanje je provedeno na djeci od 10 i 12 godina i ponovljeno je na istoj djeci nakon dvije godine (12 i 14 godina). Polaze}i od pretpostavke da je osje}aj usamljenosti rezultat deficita u socijalnim odnosima i Sullivanove teorije o interpersonalnim odnosima, u radu polazimo od hipoteze da je predadolescencija i adolescencija razvojno razdoblje u kojem va`no mjesto zauzima potreba za intimnosti, koju dijete zadovoljava u interakciji s najboljim prijateljem. Stoga sigurnost, ljubav, podr{ka koju dijete zadovoljava u odnosu s prijateljem onemogu}uje pojavu usamljenosti. U ispitivanju su rabljene skale koje mjere odnos s prijateljem i skala koja mjeri emocionalnu usamljenost. Rezultati istra`ivanja upu}uju na zaklju~ak da postoji zna~ajna korelacija izme|u usamljenosti i kvalitete prijateljstva te socijalne podr{ke u prvom i u drugom ispitivanju, dok kod mla|eg uzrasta (prvo mjerenje) zna~ajno mjesto zauzimaju i drugi aspekti odnosa s vr{njacima. Percepcija socijalne podr{ke zna~ajan je prediktor osje}aja usamljenosti kod oba uzrasta, dok je reciprocitet zna~ajan prediktor samo kod skupine mla|e djece. Mo`emo zaklju~iti da je zadovoljstvo vr{nja~kim odnosima va`no u do`ivljaju osje}aja usamljenosti, a najzna~ajnije mjesto zauzima do`ivljaj socijalne podr{ke. Dobiveni rezultati interpretiraju se u okviru Sullivanove teorije interpersonalnih odnosa (Sullivan, 1953.).The aim of this research was to examine the relation between loneliness as an emotional correlate of adjustment and peer relationships. The samples consisted of 151 school children, 10 and 12 years old. The research was repeated after two years on the same samples. The initial hypothesis of the investigation was that loneliness is the result of deficient social relations, especially relations with peers in preadolescence and adolescence when the need for intimacy is stressed. According to Sullivan\u27s interpersonal theory, the child satisfies the need for intimacy in interaction with a friend. Therefore the security, love and support which the child gets in its relationship with friends prevents loneliness. Several aspects of the quality of friendship were assessed: friendship quality, perception of social support, reciprocity of friendship and mutuality. The indicator for the quality of loneliness was the feeling of emotional loneliness. The findings suggest significant correlations between emotional loneliness and friendship quality and perception of social support in both measurings. In young children (first measuring) a significant position is taken by other aspects of peer relationships. Perception of social support was a significant predictor of feeling of loneliness in both measurings, and reciprocity of friendship was a significant predictor only in the first measuring. A significant gender difference in friendship relationships and feeling of loneliness was found. It can be concluded that satisfaction with peer relationships has a significant place in the feeling of loneliness, and especially the perception of social support. The findings of this research are discussed within the context of the Interpersonal theory (Sullivan, 1953).Mit dieser Arbeit sollte der Bezug zwischen Abkapselung als eines emotionellen Korrelats der Anpassung einerseits und der Qualität des gemeinsamen Umgangs von Altersgenossen andererseits untersucht werden. Die Untersuchung wurde an Kindern im Alter von 10 und 12 Jahren durchgeführt und nach zwei Jahren in derselben Gruppe von Kindern (nun im Alter von 12 und 14 Jahren) wiederholt. Die Autorin geht aus von der Einstellung, dass das Gefühl der Einsamkeit aus mangelndem sozialem Umgang mit anderen resultiert, sowie von Sullivans Theorie interpersonaler Verhältnisse. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass Präadoleszenz und Adoleszenz ein Entwicklungsabschnitt sind, in dem das Bedürfnis nach Intimität einen wichtigen Stellenwert hat, und das Kind befriedigt dieses Bedürfnis im Umgang mit seinem besten Freund / seiner besten Freundin. Sicherheit, Liebe und sozialer Rückhalt beim besten Freund / bei der besten Freundin sind daher die besten Mittel, um eine Abkapselung zu verhindern. Bei dieser Untersuchung wurden Skalen eingesetzt, deren eine das Verhältnis zum Freund ermitteln (Freundschaftsskala, Skala zur Wahrnehmung des sozialen Rückhalts, Skala zur Einschätzung der Reziprozität des Freundschaftsverhältnisses), während anhand einer weiteren Skala die emotionale Einsamkeit gemessen werden sollte. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse legen den Schluss nahe, dass bei der ersten wie auch der zweiten Untersuchung (zwei Jahre später) eine bedeutsame Korrelation besteht zwischen der Einsamkeit einerseits und der Qualität von Freundschaftsverhältnissen und dem sozialen Umgang andererseits, während bei der jüngeren Generation (erste Untersuchung) auch andere Aspekte im Verhältnis zu den Altersgenossen einen wichtigen Stellenwert einnehmen. Die Wahrnehmung des sozialen Rückhalts war in beiden Untersuchungen ein wichtiger Prädiktor für das Gefühl der Einsamkeit, während die Reziprozität nur bei den jüngeren Kindern (erste Messung) ein bedeutender Prädiktor war. Man kann schließen, dass die Einschätzung des Verhältnisses zu den Altersgenossen wesentlich dazu beitragen kann, ob sich ein Kind einsam fühlt oder nicht. Die wichtigste Rolle spielt jedoch das Gefühl, Rückhalt im sozialen Umfeld gefunden zu haben. Die gewonnenen Untersuchungsergebnisse werden im Rahmen von Sullivans Theorie der interpersonalen Verhältnisse (Sullivan, 1953) interpretiert

THE FEELING OF LONELINESS AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi da li kvaliteta interakcije s vršnjacima može objasniti osjećaj usamljenosti i ponašanje predadolescenata i adolescenata. Teorijsku osnovu čini Sullivanova interpersonalna teorija u kontekstu koje su rezultati i interpretirani. Rezultati ukazuju na zaključak o značajnoj povezanosti između kvalitete interakcije u dijadi, osjećaja usamljenosti, agresivnog i prosocijalnog ponašanja. Kvaliteta interakcije s najboljim prijateljem značajan je prediktor usamljenosti, te prosocijalnog i agresivnog ponašanja. Adolescenti koji kvalitetu dijadne interakcije procjenjuju višom osjećaju se manje usamljeno i u repertoaru ponašanja koriste prosocijalne obrasce ponašanja, za razliku od adolescenata koji nisu zadovoljni interakcijom s najboljim prijateljem i koji pokazuju višu razinu usamljenosti, a u repertoaru ponašanja koriste agresivno ponašanje. Utvrđene su i spolne razlike. Mladići se osjećaju usamljenije od djevojaka i češće koriste agresiju u svom ponašanju. Djevojke se osjećaju manje usamljeno i prosocijalno ponašanje je češće u repertoaru njihovog ponašanja.The aim of the research is to determine whether the quality of interaction with peers can explain the feeling of loneliness and the behaviour of preadolescents and adolescents. Sullivan’s interpersonal theory, in the context of which the results have been interpreted, provides the theoretical basis. The results point to the conclusion that there is a considerable connection between quality of interaction in dyad, feeling of loneliness, aggressive and pro-social behaviour. Quality of interaction with the best friend is an important indicator of loneliness and pro-social and aggressive behaviour. Adolescents who assess the quality of dyad interaction as higher feel less lonely and use pro-social patterns of behaviour in the behaviour repertoire, unlike the adolescents who are not satisfied with the interaction with their best friends and who show a higher level of loneliness and use aggressive behaviour. Gender differences have also been determined. Boys feel lonelier than girls and more frequently use aggression in their behaviour. Girls feel less lonely and pro-social behaviour is more frequent in their behaviour repertoire

Dimensionen des Familienlebens als Prädiktoren des Verhältnisses von Schulkindern zu ihren Altersgenossen

Cilj ovoga ispitivanja je istražiti povezanost između odnosa roditelj-dijete i djetetovih vršnjačkih odnosa. Predloženi model pretpostavlja da je kvaliteta odnosa s roditeljima povezana sa slikom o sebi koja dalje utječe na uspješnu integraciju djeteta u svijet vršnjaka. U ispitivanju je sudjelovalo 263 djece (10-14 godina). Kvaliteta interakcije roditelj-dijete promatrana je uz pomoć prihvaćanja i odbijanja od oba roditelja. Vršnjački odnosi promatrani su u kvaliteti odnosa u dijadi, prihvaćanju i odbijanju od vršnjaka. Slika o sebi uključuje opće i socijalno samopoštovanje. Rezultati upućuju na zaključak da je prihvaćanje od oca prediktivno za kvalitetu odnosa u dijadi i za odbijanje od vršnjaka. Djetetova slika o sebi ima medijatorsku ulogu u objašnjavanju povezanosti između obiteljske interakcije, osobito prihvaćanja od oca i interakcije s vršnjacima. Pozitivna slika o sebi i toplo roditeljstvo u kojem vlada potpora povezani su s kvalitetom vršnjačkih odnosa.In this study we examined the link between the parent-child relationship and the child\u27s relationship with peers. The proposed model assumes that the quality of the parent-child relationship affects the child\u27s self-concept, which in turn affects the child\u27s integration into the world of peers. The sample consisted of 263 children (10–14 years of age). The quality of the parent-child relationship was assessed by mother\u27s and father\u27s acceptance and rejection. Peer relationships were assessed by the quality of friendship and peer acceptance and rejection. The measure of the child\u27s self-concept included general and social self-esteem. The results suggest that the father\u27s acceptance predicts friendship quality and peer rejection. The child\u27s self-concept serves as a mediating role in the relationship between the parent-child interaction, especially the father\u27s acceptance, and involvement with peers. The results suggest that a positive self-concept and warm supportive parenting are related with peer relationship quality.Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung war, den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Eltern-Kind-Verhältnis und dem Verhältnis des Kindes zu seinen Altersgenossen zu ermitteln. Das suggerierte Modell geht davon aus, dass das Verhältnis zu den Eltern mit der Vorstellung, die das Kind von sich selbst hat, in Zusammenhang steht; dieses Persönlichkeitsbild wiederum bedingt die erfolgreiche Integrierung des Kindes in das Umfeld der Altersgenossen. An der Untersuchung nahmen 263 Kinder (10–14 Jahre) teil. Die Qualität der Interaktion zwischen Eltern und Kind wurde anhand der Mechanismen Akzeptanz bzw. Ablehnung vonseiten der Eltern untersucht. Das Verhältnis zu Altersgenossen wurde aufgrund von Zweierbeziehungen (Dyaden) betrachtet, wiederum ausgehend von den Faktoren Akzeptanz und Ablehnung. Die Vorstellung, die das Kind von sich selbst gewinnt/hat, schließt ein allgemeines und gesellschaftsbezogenes Selbstwertgefühl mit ein. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse lassen darauf schließen, dass das Akzeptiert- Werden vonseiten des Vaters prädiktiv ist für die Qualität des Verhältnisses, das das Kind in einer Dyade aufbauen wird, ebenso für die Ablehnung, die das Kind vonseiten seiner Altersgenossen erfährt. Die Vorstellung von sich selbst hat eine Vermittlerrolle bei Erklärungsversuchen, die den Zusammenhang zwischen der familiären Interaktion, zumal dem Akzeptiert-Werden durch den Vater, und der Interaktion mit Gleichaltrigen beleuchten sollen. Ein solides Selbstwertgefühl, ein warmes Zuhause, in dem Liebe und Unterstützung vermittelt werden, stehen mit der Qualität der Beziehungen zu den Altersgenossen in engem Zusammenhang

Religiosity and some Dimensions of Psychological Well-being in Young People

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istraživanje uloge religioznosti u psihološkoj dobrobiti mladih. U tu svrhu povedeno je istraživanje na mladima prosječne dobi 20,74 godina (N=129). Primijenjeni su sljedeći mjerni instrumenti: Skala zadovoljstva životom, Skala smisla života, Kratka ljestvica religioznosti i Ljestvica slaganja s temeljnim načelima Biblije i Katoličke crkve. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja vode zaključku da je većina mladih religiozna, odnosno da se slaže s temeljnim biblijskim načelima nauka Katoličke crkve. Rezultati testiranja razlike u zadovoljstvu životom s obzirom na stupanj slaganja s temeljnim načelima Biblije i Katoličke crkve pokazuju da su mladi koji se više slažu s tim načelima zadovoljniji životom. Nadalje, zadovoljstvo životom pozitivno je povezano sa procjenom smisla života, religioznošću i slaganjem s temeljnim načelima Katoličke crkve. Rezultati regresijske analize pokazuju da su smisao života i slaganje s temeljnim načelima Biblije i Katoličke crkve značajni prediktori zadovoljstva životom.The aim of this research study was to investigate the role of religiosity in the psychological well-being of young people. For that purpose, a research study was conducted among young people of the average age of 20.74 (N=129). The following measurement instruments were applied: Life Satisfaction Scale, Purpose in life Scale, Short Religiosity Scale, and the Scale of Agreement with the Basic Principles of the Bible and the Catholic Church. The results of the conducted study lead to the conclusion that the majority of young people are religious, i.e. that they agree with the basic biblical principles of the teachings of the Catholic Church. The results of the testing with regard to the difference in life satisfaction with reference to the level of agreement with the basic principles of the Bible and the Catholic Church indicate that the young people who agree with those principles to a greater extent are more satisfied with their life. Furthermore, life satisfaction has a positive correlation with the estimation of the purpose in life, religiosity, and the agreement with the basic principles of the Catholic Church. The results of the regression analysis indicate that the purpose in life and the agreement with the basic principles of the Bible and the Catholic Church are significant predictors of life satisfaction

Life satisfaction and health assessment in older people

Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi ulogu spola, dobi, te zdravstvenoga statusa u zadovoljstvu životom u osoba starije životne dobi. U tu svrhu provedeno je istraživanje na uzorku od 260 osoba starije životne dobi smještenih u domu za starije i nemoćne. Primijenjena je Skala zadovoljstva životom, te Skala anksioznosti i depresivnosti. Opća procjena zdravlja dobivena je temeljem procjene na jednoj tvrdnji. Temeljem rezultata istraživanja, možemo zaključiti da ne postoje razlike s obzirom na spol niti dob u zadovoljstvu životom. Također, utvrdili smo da je procjena zadovoljstva životom blago pomaknuta prema višim vrijednostima, te da je zadovoljstvo životom značajno povezano sa svim mjerama zdravlja. Provjeravajući prediktivnu vrijednost različitih aspekata zdravlja, anksioznost i depresivnost izdvojile su se kao varijable koje značajno doprinose objašnjenju zadovoljstva životom kod osoba starije životne dobi.The aim of this research was to establish the role of gender, age and health condition in satisfaction with life in older people. A research was thus performed on a sample of 260 older people in a home for the elderly and helpless. The Life satisfaction scale and Anxiety and depression scale were applied. General health assessment was acquired on the basis of assessment on one claim. Based on the research results, we can come to the conclusion that there are no differences with reference to gender or age in satisfaction with life. We have also established that the satisfaction with life assessment has slightly been shifted to higher values and that satisfaction with life is significantly connected with all health measures. In checking the predictive value of different health aspects, anxiety and depression have been separated as variables that significantly contribute to explaining satisfaction with life in older people

Peer violence in adolescence in the context of parental behavior

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati spolne razlike i učestalost vršnjačkog nasilja kod adolescenata. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 172 učenika sedmih i osmih razreda osnovnih škola u Rijeci. Primijenjeni su sljedeći mjerni instrumenti: Skala vršnjačkog nasilja (Rimac i sur., 2012), Skala percepcije roditeljskog ponašanja (Macuka, 2007). Rezultati pokazuju da ne postoji značajna razlika u doživljenom i počinjenom vršnjačkom nasilju obzirom na rod. Skoro 3% učenika je vrlo često, a 11,38 ponekad izloženo vršnjačkom nasilju. Ponekad je počinilo vršnjačko nasilje 11,45% učenika. Najzastupljenije je psihološko nasilje, osobito ogovaranje. Rezultati istraživanja također upućuju na zaključak o značajnoj povezanosti vršnjačkog nasilja, osobito doživljenog, s različitim dimenzijama roditeljskog ponašanja i mogućnosti razlikovanja roditeljskog ponašanja obzirom na učestalost vršnjačkog nasilja.The aim of this research was to analyse adolescents’ gender differences and the frequency of individual forms of peer violence. The research included 172 elementary school students from Rijeka. The instrument includes: Peer violence scale (Rimac i sur., 2012), Perception of parent behaviour scale (Macuka, 2002). Results show that gender difference was not found in the experienced and committed peer violence. Almost 3% students experience violence very often, and 11,38 sometimes. 11,45% students was sometimes perpetrators of peer violence. The most common is psychological violence, especially gossip. The study results also suggest a significant association between peer violence, especially experienced, with different dimensions of parental behaviour, and the ability to differentiate parental behaviour considering the prevalence of peer violence

PARENTAL BEHAVIOUR AND ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS

Roditeljsko ponašanje značajan je zaštitni i/ili rizični faktor za nastanak psihičkih problema tijekom djetinjstva i mladenaštva te je značajno povezano sa psihosocijalnom prilagodbom. Ovim istraživanjem pokušali smo odgovoriti na pitanje o ulozi roditeljskog ponašanja u objašnjenju problema u ponašanju kod adolescenata. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 172 učenika prosječne dobi 13,5 godina. U svrhu mjerenja roditeljskog ponašanja korištena je Skala percepcije roditeljskog ponašanja koja mjeri tri dimenzije roditeljskog ponašanja: odbacivanje, prihvaćanje i kontrolu. Za procjenu problema u ponašanju korištena je Skala samoprocjene ponašanja mladih koja mjeri internalizirane i eksternalizirane probleme u ponašanju. Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na zaključak o važnosti roditeljskog ponašanja za razumijevanje problema u ponašanju kod mladih. Zabilježene su spolne razlike u internaliziranim problemima u smjeru veće učestalosti kod djevojčica. Od dimenzija roditeljskog ponašanja istaknula se psihološka kontrola koja dolazi od oba roditelja. Dobiveni rezultati tumače se u kontekstu teorije socijalnog učenja.Parental behaviour is a significant protective factor and/or risk factor during childhood and adolescent years possibly leading to psychological problems and it is closely connected with psychosocial adjustment. This research paper attempts to establish whether parental behaviour plays a role in explaining adolescent behavioural problems. The research was conducted on 172 students with an average age of 13.5 years. Parental behaviour was measured according to the Perceived Parental Behaviour Scale that recognises three dimensions of parental behaviour: rejection, acceptance and control. With regard to behavioural problems, the Youth Self Report Scale was used to measure internalised and externalised behavioural problems in children aged between six and eighteen years. The results point out the importance of parental behaviour when determining the origination of adolescent behavioural problems. Furthermore, the research shows that internalised behavioural problems are more prevalent in girls. With regard to different dimensions of parental behaviour, psychological control coming from both parents was the most prominent one. The results are further interpreted in the context of social learning theory