Characterizations and estimations of Size Biased Generalized Rayleigh Distribution

Since the widely using of the weighted distribution in many fields of real life such various areas including medicine, ecology, reliability, and so on , then we try to shed light and record our contribution in this field thru the research. In this paper, a new class of size-biased Generalized Rayleigh distribution is defined. A size-biased Generalized Rayleigh distribution, a particular case of weighted Generalized Rayleigh distribution, taking the weights as the variate values has been defined. The power and logarithmic moments of this family is defined. Some important theorems of SBGRD has been derived and studied. A new moment estimation method of parameters of SBGRD using its characterization is presented. In brief, this paper consists of presentation of general review of important properties of the new distribution. Bayes estimators of Size biased Generalized Rayleigh distribution (SBGRD), that stems from an extension of Jeffery’s prior (Al-Kutubi [13]) with a new loss function (Al-Bayyati [12]). We are proposing four different types of estimator. Under squared error loss function, there are two estimators formed by using Jaffrey prior and an extension of Jaffrey’s prior. The two remaining estimators are derived using the same Jeffrey’s prior and extension of Jeffrey’s prior under a new loss function. These methods are compared by using mean square error through simulation study with varying sample sizes. Keywords: Generalized Rayleigh distribution, Size biased generalized Rayleigh distribution, Logarithmic moment, squared error loss function, Al-Bayatti’s loss function

Sectoral assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in Pakistan

In this study, an attempt has been made to develop inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for Pakistan at the national and sectoral level. The emission profile includes carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). In 2012, GHG emissions from different sectors of economy are estimated at 367 Tg CO2eq. Out of this, CO2 emissions were 179 Tg; CH4 emissions were 107 Tg CO2eq; and N2O emissions were 81 Tg CO2eq. Energy and agriculture sectors contribute approximately 89% of national GHG emissions. Industrial processes, waste, and land use change and forestry (LUCF) sectors contribute the remaining 11% GHG emissions. A comparison with the 1994 GHG emission inventory of Pakistan shows that GHG emissions in Pakistan from 1994 to 2012 have increased at an annual growth rate of 4.1% and yet anticipated to increase further for meeting the national developmental goals; however, the per capita emissions in Pakistan will remain low when compared with the global average

Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emission inventory for Pakistan: Part I energy and industrial processes and product use

In order to further improve the accuracy and reliability and reduce uncertainties in the national GHG inventories for Pakistan, this study call for using 2006 IPCC Guidelines, to help to identify the national targets for GHG mitigation with respect to the nationally determined contributions (NDCs). GHG (CO2, CH4, and N2O) inventories for Pakistan have been developed by conducting a detailed sectoral assessment of IPCC source sectors, energy, industrial processes and product use (IPPU), agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), and the waste sector. Further, sector wise comparative analysis of GHG inventories (1994–2017) based on the 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines have also been presented. Results indicated an average relative difference of 4% in total GHG emissions (CO2 equivalent) from energy sector between 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines. With 3.6% average annual growth rate based on 2006 IPCC Guidelines, CO2 from energy sector remained the most abundant GHG emitted, followed by CH4 and N2O. While the average absolute difference in emissions of CH4 and N2O from the energy sector is notable, the total estimated GHG emissions by 2006 IPCC Guidelines duplicate those by 1996 IPCC Guidelines. In the mineral industry with 2006 IPCC Guidelines, an average annual growth rate of 6.7% is observed, contributing 64% of total IPPU sector CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, the relative difference between the two Guidelines in overall IPPU sector emissions remained negligible. There might be a need for switching to 2006 IPCC Guidelines to consider more parameters such as additional source sectors and new default emission factors that fit into national circumstances

Studies on the Effect of Temperature on the Development of Soft Rot of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) Caused by Erwinia carotovora sub Sp. Carotovora

Soft rot is one of the destructive diseases of vegetables including cabbage worldwide. Since the temperature is one of the important factors for destructive nature of disease during storage and transportation, experiments were conducted to standardize optimum temperature for the growth of pathogen which revealed pathogen could grow at all the temperatures from 15 to 40°C. Marked higher growth was recorded at 30°C and considerable growth was at 25 and 35°C. During the study of effect of temperature on soft rot disease after 4 and 6 days of storage at different temperatures it was concluded that 30-35°C mostly favor the soft rot in cabbage and thus emphasis is to be given to prevent the disease during the prevailing temperatures in the region, in order to prevent losses due to the disease in cabbage and other hosts of the same pathogen

Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emission inventory for Pakistan: Part II agriculture, forestry and other land use and waste

Understanding Pakistan's greenhouse gas (GHG) emission status is critical for identifying the national targets for GHG mitigation with respect to the nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This study focuses on the development of Pakistan's GHG (CO2, CH4, and N2O) inventories for agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) and waste sectors using 2006 IPCC Guidelines. This study should be seen as a direct continuation of the preceding one (Part I [ Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2020.05.002]) which discusses energy and industrial processes and product use in compliance with the 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines. It also provides sector-specific comparative time series (1994–2017) analysis of GHG inventories, identification of key categories, and national GHG emissions trend for Pakistan. The results indicate an average relative difference (on average for time series 1994–2017) of 19% and 6% in total GHG emissions (CO2-eq) from AFOLU and waste sector respectively between 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The absolute difference over the entire time series for AFOLU and waste sector was in the range of 3–67 Mt CO2-eq and 1–7 Mt CO2-eq respectively. Findings further reveal that the quantity of national GHG emissions by 2006 IPCC Guidelines is 10% lower on average for complete time series compared to 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The average relative difference for total national emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O is −1%, 9%, and 48% respectively. Key category analysis based on 2006 IPCC Guidelines estimates identified three categories, each contributing ≥10% to the level assessment in the latest year 2017 and accounting for approximately half of the national GHG emissions. In order to further improve the reliability of GHG inventories, Pakistan needs to move from 1996 to 2006 IPCC Guidelines under a higher Tier approach particularly for identified key categories

Co-benefits of air pollution control and climate change mitigation strategies in Pakistan

Pakistan’s urban air pollution is among the world's worst, wreaking havoc on public health and the economy. Although the country’s environmental protection act and the climate change act recognize the dual challenges of air pollution and climate change, it lacks an integrated national strategy to manage both simultaneously. Based on simulations with the GAINS model (an integrated assessment model) through soft coupling with the EnerNEO Pakistan model (an energy-economic model), we assess the benefits of climate policies and air pollution control measures on air quality and public health for Pakistan under the baseline and alternative scenarios. Our results reveal that Pakistan's current air pollution control measures are insufficient to meet the country's air quality standards under the baseline scenario. Implementing sustainable development strategies will reduce nationwide PM2.5-related mortalities by 24% in 2050 compared to the baseline. While advanced control measures have the potential to improve air quality and human health in Pakistan, when combined with national sustainable development strategies, they have the potential to halve greenhouse gas emissions (implementing SDG 13 indicator on climate action) and save on emission control costs approximately by a quarter (0.32% of GDP) by 2050. This appears to be a significant co-benefit in terms of air quality (environmental), health (social), and cost (economic), implying that Pakistan's future policymaking should prioritize cost-effective co-control of air pollution and greenhouse gases

Evaluating Health Co-benefits of Air Pollution Control and Climate Change Mitigation Policies for Pakistan

The energy-related air pollutants and carbon dioxide emissions often come from the same sources, so an integrated approach to tackling both can have significant co-benefits. At present, Pakistan is confronted with the twin problems of air pollution and climate change. While air pollution and climate change are recognized in the country's environmental protection act and climate change act, there is no integrated national strategy to manage them simultaneously. This study explores the air quality and health benefits in the reference and alternative scenarios through soft coupling an integrated assessment model (GAINS) and a partial equilibrium simulation model of the energy sector (EnerNEO Pakistan). Our findings indicate that current air pollution control measures in Pakistan are not sufficient to achieve the air quality standards in Pakistan under the reference scenario. Implementation of advanced end-of-pipe emission control measures could improve air quality and reduce human health impacts in Pakistan however, when paired with national sustainable development strategies, they could halve greenhouse gas emissions and save on emission control costs by approximately a quarter as compared to the reference scenario by 2050. In addition, the implementation of sustainable development strategies will reduce nationwide PM2.5-related mortalities by nearly a quarter (24%) in 2050 as compared to the reference scenario. This appears to be a significant co-benefit in terms of air quality improvement, reduction in health impacts and air pollution control cost, implying that cost-effective co-control of air pollution and greenhouse gases should be a major consideration in Pakistan’s future policymaking

Effect of Silver Ions on Ethylene Metabolism of Mustard Grown Under Irrigated and Non- irrigated Conditions

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2004-2005 at the Experimental farm of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India on mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czen and Coss, cultivar Alankar) under irrigated and non -irrigated  conditions to evaluate the application of 0  and 200 µl/L  ethrel (E200) or 1 mM silver thiosulphate (S) at flowering stage along with a basal  uniform application of 80 kg N ha-1 on leaf area, plant dry mass, net photosynthetic rate and seed yield. Silver thoisulphate, which inhibits the physiological action of ethylene was used in the experiment with ethrel. Ethrel is a source of ethylene and its effects are manifested through physiological action of ethylene. Ethrel 200 µl/L (E200) treatment enhanced leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, plant dry mass and seed yield by 10.6, 9.1, 7.7 and 11.6% over S treatment. So silver thiosulphate (S) reduces the physiological action of ethrel (source of ethylene) in this study. This clearly indicates that silver ions used in this experiment in the form of silver thiosulphate inhibits the action of ethylene metabolism in mustard

Biopesticides: Ecofriendly and biorational alternatives to vegetable production and environmental sustainability

Insect pests, nematodes and plant diseases of vegetables are generally controlled by frequent applications of chemical pesticides with an objective to increase crop productivity and obtain greater profit in conventional farming. With consumers' awareness and perception, vegetables without residue of chemicals are being preferred in local and export markets. For this purpose, plant-derived crude products or formulated pesticides can be eco-friendly, effective and economical for an average producer. Several pressures have accelerated the search for more environmentally and toxicologically safe and more selective and efficacious pesticides. Biopesticides, including microbial pesticides, entomopathogenic nematodes, baculoviruses, plant derived pesticides, and insect pheromones are receiving increased exposure in scientific annals as alternatives to chemical pesticides and also as key components of integrated pest management (IPM) systems. The reality, however, is that biopesticides currently represent only a small fraction (1.3%) of the world pesticide market. However, the growth rate for biopesticides over the next 10 years has been forecast at 10–l5% per annum in contrast to 2% for chemical pesticides. It is imperative to make aware the farming community regarding the use of biopesticides to reduce the environmental pollution

Effect of ethrel and nitrogen on nitrate reductase activity, photosynthesis, biomass and yield of mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss)

      The plants of mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss; cultivar Alankar) were treated with 200 µL/L ethrel (2-chloro ethyl phosphonic acid) at flowering stage (60 d after sowing) along with basal application of nitrogen 40, 60, and 80 kg N ha-1. Effect of ethrel and nitrogen on leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate (PN), nitrate reductase (NR) activity and plant dry mass were recorded at 80 and 100 d after sowing. At harvest pods plant-1, 1000 seed mass and seed yield were recorded. Ethrel 200 µL/L x 80 kg N ha-1 treatment enhanced all the characteristics studied during the experiment