Study of NOx Emissions of S.I. Engine Fueled with Different Kinds of Hydrocarbon Fuels and Hydrogen

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Natural gas (NG) and hydrogen were used to operate spark ignition internal combustion engine Ricardo E6, to compare NOx emissions emitted from the engine, with that emitted from engine fueled with gasoline as a fuel.<br />The study was done when engine operated at HUCR for gasoline, compared with its operation at HUCR for each fuel. Compression ratio, equivalence ratio and spark timing were studied at constant speed 25rps.<br />The results appeared that NOx concentrations will be at maximum value in the lean side near the stoichiometric ratio, and reduced with moving away from this ratio for mixture at both sides, these concentrations were at its highest value when hydrogen used at CR=8:1, and got near to each other for the three hydrocarbon fuels used in the study, when the engine operated at HUCR for each fuel, but still hydrogen had maximum value, the main variable affect these concentrations was spark timing<br /

STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF S.I.E. FUELED WITH SUPPLEMENTARY HYDROGEN TO GASOLINE

This paper includes study of performance of single cylinder, 4-stroke spark ignition engine Ricardo E6, with variable compression ratio, spark timing and equivalence ratio, fueled with supplementary hydrogen to gasoline. The speed of 25 rps and higher useful compression ratio were chosen in studying the effect of wide range of equivalence ratios and spark timing. The results showed that HUCR for mixture of two fuels was (9:1). The brake power when operated with gasoline was higher than when it was fueled with hydrogen alone, but when mixing two fuels the brake power increased and became higher than that when working with gasoline to a certain limit (the hydrogen volumetric ratio in the mixture reached 80%), after this limit the brake power reduced by increasing hydrogen volumetric ratio. The equivalence ratio at which the brake power reach its highest value was between (Ø=1-1.1) when mixing the two fuels. The results showed that the engine can work with very lean equivalence ratios with supplementary hydrogen, the indicated thermal efficiency increased also, and the brake specific fuel consumption reduced when hydrogen volumetric ratio increased

STUDY OF CO AND NOx EMISSIONS OF S.I.E FUELED WITH SUPPLEMENTED HYDROGEN TO GASOLINE

This paper include study of CO and NOx emissions exhausted from single cylinder, 4-stroke S.I. engine, Ricardo E6, with variable compression ratio, spark timing and equivalence ratio, worked by supplementary hydrogen to gasoline. The speed of 25 rps and higher useful compression ratio (HUCR) were chosen in studying the effect of wide range of equivalence ratios and spark timing on CO and NOx emissions submitted from engine. The study showed that exhaust gas emissions depend mainly on equivalence ratio. The higher value of NOx concentrations was in lean side near the stoichiometric equivalence ratio, and reduced when getting far from this ratio. CO concentrations were too small in the lean side, and the effect of equivalence ratio on it was too small in this side also, it increased in the rich side. It was observed that retarding spark timing reduces the NOx concentrations by a large percentage; there was no effect of spark timing on CO concentrations. The effect of speed on NOx concentrations was studied, and it was observed that these emissions became higher at medium speeds and reduced in higher and low speeds, CO concentrations increased with increasing speed also. NOx concentrations increased with increasing hydrogen volumetric ratio in mixture while CO concentrations reduced by this increase

Practical Investigation of Effectiveness of Direct Solar-Powered Air Heater

Solar energy is clean and available, and its use doesn\u27t hurt the environment. Heating conditioned homes and offices in wintertime deduct a large part of the amount of fuel consumed for these purposes. The use of solar radiation to heat the air proved its feasibility and usefulness and is in the research and development process and takes many forms. One of the primary types of solar air heaters is solar air heater of a transparent collector. In this study, a transparent collector solar air heater was designed and manufactured with an area of 1 m2. An aluminum plate was used to be the heating source; it takes its heat from the solar radiation. The tests results confirm the validity of this solar air heater type. The temperature of the heated air increased about 101% of the ambient air. The aluminum plate has proven to work as a source of heat

Photovoltaic/thermal systems for carbon dioxide mitigation applications: a review

The urgent need to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and address climate change has led to increasing interest in renewable energy technologies. There are other promising energy generation systems, including photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of PV/T systems for CO2 mitigation applications. PV/T systems are reviewed according to their principles, their design configurations, and their performance characteristics. Various types of PV/T systems, including flat-plate, concentrating, hybrid, and novel designs, are discussed, along with their advantages and limitations. In addition to examining PV/T systems as part of the integration of building systems with renewable energy sources and energy storage technologies. Furthermore, the environmental and economic aspects of PV/T systems, as well as their potential for CO2 mitigation in various applications such as residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural sectors, are critically analyzed. Finally, future research directions and challenges in the field of PV/T systems for CO2 mitigation are outlined. The purpose of this review is to provide researchers, policymakers, and practitioners with information on how PV/T systems can be applied to reduce CO2 emissions and promote sustainable building design

Water solar distiller productivity enhancement using concentrating solar water heater and phase change material (PCM)

This paper investigates usage of thermal energy storage extracted from concentrating solar heater for water distillation. Paraffin wax selected as a suitable phase change material, and it was used for storing thermal energy in two different insulated treasurers. The paraffin wax is receiving hot water from concentrating solar dish. This solar energy stored in PCM as latent heat energy. Solar energy stored in a day time with a large quantity, and some heat retrieved for later use. Water’s temperature measured in a definite interval of time. Four cases were studied: using water as storage material with and without solar tracker. Also, PCM was as thermal storage material with and without solar tracker.The system working time was increased to about 5 h with sun tracker by concentrating dish and adding PCM to the system. The system concentrating efficiency, heating efficiency, and system productivity, has increased by about 64.07%, 112.87%, and 307.54%, respectively. The system working time increased to 3 h when PCM added without sun tracker. Also, the system concentrating efficiency increased by about 50.47%, and the system heating efficiency increased by about 41.63%. Moreover, the system productivity increased by about 180%

Performance and emitted pollutants assessment of diesel engine fuelled with biokerosene

Iraq is suffering from kerosene surplus in the summer because kerosene consumption is significantly reduced. This product contains less sulphur than diesel, and it gains viscous and lubrication properties similar to those of diesel when mixed with a small percentage of biodiesel. The possibility of using biokerosene as a fuel instead of conventional Iraqi diesel was investigated. The fuel consumption was relatively increased by 5.56% and 5.19% when the studied biokerosene KB10 and KB20 blends were used while the engine's exhaust-gas temperatures and thermal efficiency were decreased. The biokerosene blends KB10 and KB20 also emitted lower concentrations of particulate matter (22.4%, and 25.63%), hydrocarbon (7.74%, and 21.93%), and carbon monoxide (15%, and 20.31%) compared to diesel at small or medium engine loads. Nitrogen oxide concentrations increased by (2.11% and 4.57%) with KB10 and KB20, while the engine noise measurements were lower than those from diesel by (1.51% and 3.57%) for all tested engine-load ranges. The PM–NOx trade-off for biokerosene was the best among all tested blends. Keywords: Biokerosene, NOx, PM, Trade-off, Sulphu

Influence of the base fluid on the thermo-physical properties of PV/T nanofluids with surfactant

Nanofluids have become widely used in different applications. One of these applications, it may be used in Photovoltaic/Thermal PV/T systems, as there is many research that works to determine the best type of nanofluids for this important application. In this study, differences in the thermo-physical properties of three types of nanofluids were emphasized, which used nano-SiC as additive and cetyl-trichromyl ammonium bromide as surfactant. Water was mixed with 35% ethylene glycol, and with 35% of propylene glycol. The study aims to find the best base fluid for use in solar PV/T applications.The increase in density and viscosity of all studied nanofluids was evident as well as the superiority of the density of ethylene glycol water mixture (for the tested temperature range, nano-EG-water density was higher than nano-water and nano-PG-water densities by 15.51% and 0.066%, respectively compared to water). The propylene glycol-water mixture has higher viscosity than the other two nanofluids (it was higher than nano-water and nano-EG-water viscosities by 16.066% and 0.212%, respectively compared to water). The thermal conductivity of the three nanofluids was close to each other in the studied temperatures region. Glycol solutions were more stable than water when ultra-shaking hours were from four to six hours. Keywords: Nanofluid, SiC, Ethylene glycol, Propylene glycol, Stability, Thermal conductivit

The effect of dust components and contaminants on the performance of photovoltaic for the four regions in Iraq: a practical study

The accumulation of dust on the surface of the solar cell causes a clear decrease in its performance. The present study has led to investigate the impact of pollution and dust of four different Iraq regions of different conditions on solar cells performance. The areas studied were Baghdad, an agricultural area in Mahmoodia, the Karbala-Najaf desert road, and the city of Fao. The components of dust samples were examined from the areas mentioned and a high percentage of silica was found, which shows the impact of the desert in the Iraqi dust. In Baghdad and Mahmoodia dust samples, clear proportions of clay and silt minerals were found that can be traced back to the fertile valley of Mesopotamia. Significant percentages of particulate matter (PM), lead and sulfur were found in Fao and Baghdad dust samples indicating high contamination by fossil fuel combustion emissions. Practical experiments were carried out to measure the current, voltages, and power of a solar cell, and a clear reduction in these parameter values was measured. From the types of the components of dust samples, the study suggested suitable periodic cleaning period and cleaning methods for each type of dust