Table_2_Multigene phylogeny reveals a cryptic diversity in the genus Dinobryon (Chrysophyceae) with integrative description of five new species.docx

IntroductionThe genus Dinobryon is one of the most recognizable chrysophyte genera, characterized by dendroid colonies with a biflagellate inside each cellulosic lorica. The representative forms of lorica are cylindrical, conical, vase, or funnel shaped, with undulation on the lorica wall. Traditionally, the morphological characteristics of the lorica and the colony organization have been used for the delimitation of Dinobryon species.MethodsTo understand the taxonomy and phylogeny of colonial Dinobryon species, we performed molecular and morphological studies using 39 unialgal cultures and 46 single colony isolations from environmental specimens collected in Korea. We used a nuclear internal transcript spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) to find the genetic diversity of Dinobryon from environmental samples and a combined dataset from six gene sequences (nuclear SSU and LSU rRNA, plastid LSU rRNA, rbcL and psaA, and mitochondrial CO1 genes) for phylogenetic analysis.Results and discussionWe found 15 different lineages based on the genetic diversity of the nuclear ITS sequences. The phylogenetic tree of the colonial species based on the combined multigene dataset were divided into 18 subclades, including five new species, each with unique molecular signatures for the E23-5 helix of the V4 region in the nuclear SSU rRNA and the E11-1 helix of D7b, and the E20-1 helix of D8 regions in the nuclear LSU rRNA. Morphological studies were focused on lorica dimension and shape, and stomatocyst morphology. The Dinobryon species showed similarities or differences in lorica morphologies between and within species, and also differences in lorica size between culture and environmental samples. Five Dinobryon species formed distinctive stomatocysts, their stomatocyst morphologies, including collar structure, surface ornamentation, and cyst shape, showed unique characteristics in each species and were useful for identification. Here, we propose five new species based on morphological and molecular evidences: D. cylindricollarium, D. exstoundulatum, D. inclinatum, D. similis, and D. spinum.</p

Table_5_Multigene phylogeny reveals a cryptic diversity in the genus Dinobryon (Chrysophyceae) with integrative description of five new species.docx

IntroductionThe genus Dinobryon is one of the most recognizable chrysophyte genera, characterized by dendroid colonies with a biflagellate inside each cellulosic lorica. The representative forms of lorica are cylindrical, conical, vase, or funnel shaped, with undulation on the lorica wall. Traditionally, the morphological characteristics of the lorica and the colony organization have been used for the delimitation of Dinobryon species.MethodsTo understand the taxonomy and phylogeny of colonial Dinobryon species, we performed molecular and morphological studies using 39 unialgal cultures and 46 single colony isolations from environmental specimens collected in Korea. We used a nuclear internal transcript spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) to find the genetic diversity of Dinobryon from environmental samples and a combined dataset from six gene sequences (nuclear SSU and LSU rRNA, plastid LSU rRNA, rbcL and psaA, and mitochondrial CO1 genes) for phylogenetic analysis.Results and discussionWe found 15 different lineages based on the genetic diversity of the nuclear ITS sequences. The phylogenetic tree of the colonial species based on the combined multigene dataset were divided into 18 subclades, including five new species, each with unique molecular signatures for the E23-5 helix of the V4 region in the nuclear SSU rRNA and the E11-1 helix of D7b, and the E20-1 helix of D8 regions in the nuclear LSU rRNA. Morphological studies were focused on lorica dimension and shape, and stomatocyst morphology. The Dinobryon species showed similarities or differences in lorica morphologies between and within species, and also differences in lorica size between culture and environmental samples. Five Dinobryon species formed distinctive stomatocysts, their stomatocyst morphologies, including collar structure, surface ornamentation, and cyst shape, showed unique characteristics in each species and were useful for identification. Here, we propose five new species based on morphological and molecular evidences: D. cylindricollarium, D. exstoundulatum, D. inclinatum, D. similis, and D. spinum.</p

Table_3_Multigene phylogeny reveals a cryptic diversity in the genus Dinobryon (Chrysophyceae) with integrative description of five new species.docx

IntroductionThe genus Dinobryon is one of the most recognizable chrysophyte genera, characterized by dendroid colonies with a biflagellate inside each cellulosic lorica. The representative forms of lorica are cylindrical, conical, vase, or funnel shaped, with undulation on the lorica wall. Traditionally, the morphological characteristics of the lorica and the colony organization have been used for the delimitation of Dinobryon species.MethodsTo understand the taxonomy and phylogeny of colonial Dinobryon species, we performed molecular and morphological studies using 39 unialgal cultures and 46 single colony isolations from environmental specimens collected in Korea. We used a nuclear internal transcript spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) to find the genetic diversity of Dinobryon from environmental samples and a combined dataset from six gene sequences (nuclear SSU and LSU rRNA, plastid LSU rRNA, rbcL and psaA, and mitochondrial CO1 genes) for phylogenetic analysis.Results and discussionWe found 15 different lineages based on the genetic diversity of the nuclear ITS sequences. The phylogenetic tree of the colonial species based on the combined multigene dataset were divided into 18 subclades, including five new species, each with unique molecular signatures for the E23-5 helix of the V4 region in the nuclear SSU rRNA and the E11-1 helix of D7b, and the E20-1 helix of D8 regions in the nuclear LSU rRNA. Morphological studies were focused on lorica dimension and shape, and stomatocyst morphology. The Dinobryon species showed similarities or differences in lorica morphologies between and within species, and also differences in lorica size between culture and environmental samples. Five Dinobryon species formed distinctive stomatocysts, their stomatocyst morphologies, including collar structure, surface ornamentation, and cyst shape, showed unique characteristics in each species and were useful for identification. Here, we propose five new species based on morphological and molecular evidences: D. cylindricollarium, D. exstoundulatum, D. inclinatum, D. similis, and D. spinum.</p

Table_1_Multigene phylogeny reveals a cryptic diversity in the genus Dinobryon (Chrysophyceae) with integrative description of five new species.docx

IntroductionThe genus Dinobryon is one of the most recognizable chrysophyte genera, characterized by dendroid colonies with a biflagellate inside each cellulosic lorica. The representative forms of lorica are cylindrical, conical, vase, or funnel shaped, with undulation on the lorica wall. Traditionally, the morphological characteristics of the lorica and the colony organization have been used for the delimitation of Dinobryon species.MethodsTo understand the taxonomy and phylogeny of colonial Dinobryon species, we performed molecular and morphological studies using 39 unialgal cultures and 46 single colony isolations from environmental specimens collected in Korea. We used a nuclear internal transcript spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) to find the genetic diversity of Dinobryon from environmental samples and a combined dataset from six gene sequences (nuclear SSU and LSU rRNA, plastid LSU rRNA, rbcL and psaA, and mitochondrial CO1 genes) for phylogenetic analysis.Results and discussionWe found 15 different lineages based on the genetic diversity of the nuclear ITS sequences. The phylogenetic tree of the colonial species based on the combined multigene dataset were divided into 18 subclades, including five new species, each with unique molecular signatures for the E23-5 helix of the V4 region in the nuclear SSU rRNA and the E11-1 helix of D7b, and the E20-1 helix of D8 regions in the nuclear LSU rRNA. Morphological studies were focused on lorica dimension and shape, and stomatocyst morphology. The Dinobryon species showed similarities or differences in lorica morphologies between and within species, and also differences in lorica size between culture and environmental samples. Five Dinobryon species formed distinctive stomatocysts, their stomatocyst morphologies, including collar structure, surface ornamentation, and cyst shape, showed unique characteristics in each species and were useful for identification. Here, we propose five new species based on morphological and molecular evidences: D. cylindricollarium, D. exstoundulatum, D. inclinatum, D. similis, and D. spinum.</p

Image_1_Multigene phylogeny reveals a cryptic diversity in the genus Dinobryon (Chrysophyceae) with integrative description of five new species.tif

IntroductionThe genus Dinobryon is one of the most recognizable chrysophyte genera, characterized by dendroid colonies with a biflagellate inside each cellulosic lorica. The representative forms of lorica are cylindrical, conical, vase, or funnel shaped, with undulation on the lorica wall. Traditionally, the morphological characteristics of the lorica and the colony organization have been used for the delimitation of Dinobryon species.MethodsTo understand the taxonomy and phylogeny of colonial Dinobryon species, we performed molecular and morphological studies using 39 unialgal cultures and 46 single colony isolations from environmental specimens collected in Korea. We used a nuclear internal transcript spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) to find the genetic diversity of Dinobryon from environmental samples and a combined dataset from six gene sequences (nuclear SSU and LSU rRNA, plastid LSU rRNA, rbcL and psaA, and mitochondrial CO1 genes) for phylogenetic analysis.Results and discussionWe found 15 different lineages based on the genetic diversity of the nuclear ITS sequences. The phylogenetic tree of the colonial species based on the combined multigene dataset were divided into 18 subclades, including five new species, each with unique molecular signatures for the E23-5 helix of the V4 region in the nuclear SSU rRNA and the E11-1 helix of D7b, and the E20-1 helix of D8 regions in the nuclear LSU rRNA. Morphological studies were focused on lorica dimension and shape, and stomatocyst morphology. The Dinobryon species showed similarities or differences in lorica morphologies between and within species, and also differences in lorica size between culture and environmental samples. Five Dinobryon species formed distinctive stomatocysts, their stomatocyst morphologies, including collar structure, surface ornamentation, and cyst shape, showed unique characteristics in each species and were useful for identification. Here, we propose five new species based on morphological and molecular evidences: D. cylindricollarium, D. exstoundulatum, D. inclinatum, D. similis, and D. spinum.</p

Image_2_Multigene phylogeny reveals a cryptic diversity in the genus Dinobryon (Chrysophyceae) with integrative description of five new species.tif

IntroductionThe genus Dinobryon is one of the most recognizable chrysophyte genera, characterized by dendroid colonies with a biflagellate inside each cellulosic lorica. The representative forms of lorica are cylindrical, conical, vase, or funnel shaped, with undulation on the lorica wall. Traditionally, the morphological characteristics of the lorica and the colony organization have been used for the delimitation of Dinobryon species.MethodsTo understand the taxonomy and phylogeny of colonial Dinobryon species, we performed molecular and morphological studies using 39 unialgal cultures and 46 single colony isolations from environmental specimens collected in Korea. We used a nuclear internal transcript spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) to find the genetic diversity of Dinobryon from environmental samples and a combined dataset from six gene sequences (nuclear SSU and LSU rRNA, plastid LSU rRNA, rbcL and psaA, and mitochondrial CO1 genes) for phylogenetic analysis.Results and discussionWe found 15 different lineages based on the genetic diversity of the nuclear ITS sequences. The phylogenetic tree of the colonial species based on the combined multigene dataset were divided into 18 subclades, including five new species, each with unique molecular signatures for the E23-5 helix of the V4 region in the nuclear SSU rRNA and the E11-1 helix of D7b, and the E20-1 helix of D8 regions in the nuclear LSU rRNA. Morphological studies were focused on lorica dimension and shape, and stomatocyst morphology. The Dinobryon species showed similarities or differences in lorica morphologies between and within species, and also differences in lorica size between culture and environmental samples. Five Dinobryon species formed distinctive stomatocysts, their stomatocyst morphologies, including collar structure, surface ornamentation, and cyst shape, showed unique characteristics in each species and were useful for identification. Here, we propose five new species based on morphological and molecular evidences: D. cylindricollarium, D. exstoundulatum, D. inclinatum, D. similis, and D. spinum.</p

Table_4_Multigene phylogeny reveals a cryptic diversity in the genus Dinobryon (Chrysophyceae) with integrative description of five new species.docx

IntroductionThe genus Dinobryon is one of the most recognizable chrysophyte genera, characterized by dendroid colonies with a biflagellate inside each cellulosic lorica. The representative forms of lorica are cylindrical, conical, vase, or funnel shaped, with undulation on the lorica wall. Traditionally, the morphological characteristics of the lorica and the colony organization have been used for the delimitation of Dinobryon species.MethodsTo understand the taxonomy and phylogeny of colonial Dinobryon species, we performed molecular and morphological studies using 39 unialgal cultures and 46 single colony isolations from environmental specimens collected in Korea. We used a nuclear internal transcript spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) to find the genetic diversity of Dinobryon from environmental samples and a combined dataset from six gene sequences (nuclear SSU and LSU rRNA, plastid LSU rRNA, rbcL and psaA, and mitochondrial CO1 genes) for phylogenetic analysis.Results and discussionWe found 15 different lineages based on the genetic diversity of the nuclear ITS sequences. The phylogenetic tree of the colonial species based on the combined multigene dataset were divided into 18 subclades, including five new species, each with unique molecular signatures for the E23-5 helix of the V4 region in the nuclear SSU rRNA and the E11-1 helix of D7b, and the E20-1 helix of D8 regions in the nuclear LSU rRNA. Morphological studies were focused on lorica dimension and shape, and stomatocyst morphology. The Dinobryon species showed similarities or differences in lorica morphologies between and within species, and also differences in lorica size between culture and environmental samples. Five Dinobryon species formed distinctive stomatocysts, their stomatocyst morphologies, including collar structure, surface ornamentation, and cyst shape, showed unique characteristics in each species and were useful for identification. Here, we propose five new species based on morphological and molecular evidences: D. cylindricollarium, D. exstoundulatum, D. inclinatum, D. similis, and D. spinum.</p

Additional file 1 of Gene loss, pseudogenization, and independent genome reduction in non-photosynthetic species of Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae) revealed by comparative nucleomorph genomics

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Physical maps of nucleomorph chromosome 1 for three Cryptomonas species (5 strains in total). Genes on the left indicate transcription from bottom to top, and genes on the right indicate transcription from top to bottom. Colors of the CDS blocks correspond to predicted functional categories, and re-arranged genes are highlighted in yellow. Gene losses between the photosynthetic species C. curvata and the non-photosynthetic species C. paramecium and Cryptomonas sp. CCAC1634B are highlighted in red, and gene losses between C. paramecium and [Crypomonas sp. CCAC1634B and C. curvata] are highlighted in blue. Figure S2. Physical maps of nucleomorph chromosome 2 for three Cryptomonas species. Transcription orientation and color coding is the same as in Figure S1. Figure S3. Physical maps of nucleomorph chromosome 3 for three Cryptomonas species. Transcription orientation and color coding is the same as in Figure S1. Figure S4. Pairwise alignments of amino acids of five putative pseudogenes in C. paramecium CCAP977/2a: sf3b3, sf3b1-like, rarA, cdc5, and nuf2. (a) The red “X” indicates the location of the deletion nucleotide. The translated intergenic sequences between ‘broken’ ORFs are highlighted in yellow. (b) Pairwise alignments of high scoring pairs between the pseudogenes and intact genes. (c) The % amino acid identity and number of amino acid differences between C. paramecium KR and C. curvata KR. Figure S5. Phylogeny of cryptophytes based on nucleomorph small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. The five species whose nucleomorph genomes were compared herein are highlighted red. Cell cartoons show non-photosynthetic (colorless) and photosynthetic (brown-colored) species. The scale bar indicates the inferred number of nucleotide substitutions per site

Additional file 2 of Gene loss, pseudogenization, and independent genome reduction in non-photosynthetic species of Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae) revealed by comparative nucleomorph genomics

Additional file 2: Table S1. Gene content of eight cryptophyte nucleomorph genomes. Table S2. Sequence similarities of hypothetical ORFs across eight cryptophyte nucleomorph genomes. Table S3. Conserved hypothetical ORFs (nORFs) in eight cryptophyte nucleomorph genomes

Hybrid Nanoarchitectonics with Conductive Polymer-Coated Regenerated Cellulose Fibers for Green Electronics

Green electronics based on biodegradable polymers have received considerable attention as a solution to electronic waste (e-waste). Herein, we describe an efficient approach to constructing green conductive fibers, comprising poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and regenerated cellulose (RC), via a wet-spinning process and vapor-phase polymerization (VPP). Eco-friendly RC fibers were prepared as a support layer by wet spinning, and the conductive PEDOT layers were coated onto the surface of the RC fibers by the oxidation of EDOT monomers. We demonstrated that the vapor-phase-polymerized PEDOT/RC composite fibers (PEDOT/RC-VPP) exhibited approximately 17 times higher electrical conductivity (198.2 ± 7.3 S/cm), compared with that of the solution-phase-polymerized PEDOT/RC composite fibers (PEDOT/RC-SPP, 11.6 ± 0.6 S/cm). Importantly, PEDOT/RC-VPP exhibited a high tensile strength of 181 MPa, good flexibility, and long-standing electrical stability under ambient air conditions. Moreover, the obtained PEDOT/RC-VPP under 50% strain turned on a green light-emitting diode (LED), indicating the flexibility and stability of green conductive fibers. This strategy can be easily integrated into various electronic textiles for the development of next-generation wearable green electronics