Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and nitrogen uptake of <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> under salt stress - Fig 4

<p>Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on shoot N concentration (A), shoot P concentration (B), root N concentration (C) and root P concentration (D) of <i>C</i>. <i>morifolium</i> plants under 0, 50 and 200 mM NaCl. Symbols are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196408#pone.0196408.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>.</p

The mycorrhizal dependence of <i>C</i>. <i>morifolium</i> plants under 0, 50 and 200 mM NaCl. Symbols are the same as in Fig 1.

<p>The mycorrhizal dependence of <i>C</i>. <i>morifolium</i> plants under 0, 50 and 200 mM NaCl. Symbols are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196408#pone.0196408.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>.</p

Colonization of <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under salt stress.

<p>Colonization of <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under salt stress.</p

Effects of salt, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their interactions on growth and nutrient parameters of <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> plants.

<p>Effects of salt, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their interactions on growth and nutrient parameters of <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> plants.</p

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and nitrogen uptake of <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> under salt stress - Fig 1

<p>Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on leaf area (A) and root length (B) of <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium</i> plants under 0, 50 and 200 mM NaCl. NM, Fm, Dv and Fm+Dv represent inoculation with no mycorrhizal fungi, <i>Funneliformis mosseae</i>, <i>Diversispora versiformis</i> and the combined inoculums, respectively. Values are presented as the mean ± SE. Values followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at P <0.05 by the LSD multiple range test.</p

Effect of Graphene-EC on Ag NW-Based Transparent Film Heaters: Optimizing the Stability and Heat Dispersion of Films

To optimize the performance of silver nanowire (Ag NW) film heaters and explore the effect of graphene on a film, we introduced poly­(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly­(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and graphene modified with ethyl cellulose (graphene-EC) into the film. The high-quality and well-dispersed graphene-EC was synthesized from graphene obtained by electrochemical exfoliation as a precursor. The transparent film heaters were fabricated via spin-coating. With the assistance of graphene-EC, the stability of film heaters was greatly improved, and the conductivity was optimized by adjusting the Ag NW concentration. The film heaters exhibited a fast and accurate response to voltage, accompanied by excellent environmental endurance, and there was no significant performance degradation after being operated for a long period of time. These results indicate that graphene-EC plays a crucial role in optimizing film stability and heat dispersion in the film. The Ag NW/PEDOT:PSS-doped graphene-EC film heaters show a great potential in low-cost indium-tin-oxide-free flexible transparent electrodes, heating systems, and transparent film heaters

Spray-Coated CsPbBr₃ Quantum Dot Films for Perovskite Photodiodes

Large-area film deposition and high material utilization ratio are the crucial factors for large-scale application of perovskite optoelectronics. Recently, all-inorganic halide perovskite CsPbBr₃ has attracted great attention because of its high phase stability, thermal stability, and photostability. However, most reported perovskite devices were fabricated by spin-coating, suffering from a low material utilization ratio of 1% and a small coverage area. Here, we developed a spray-coating technique to fabricate a CsPbBr₃ quantum dot (QD) film photodiode which had a high material utilization ratio of 32% and a deposition rate of 9 nm/s. The film growth process was studied, and substrate temperature and spray time were two key factors for the deposition of uniform and crack-free QD films. The spray-coated photodiode was demonstrated to be more suitable for working in the photodetector mode because a low dark current density of 4 × 10^–4 mA cm^–2 resulting from an extremely low recombination current contributed to a high detectivity of 1 × 10¹⁴ Jones. A high responsivity of 3 A W^–1 was obtained at −0.7 V under 365 nm illumination, resulting from a low charge-transfer resistance and a high charge recombination resistance. We believe that the spray deposition technique will benefit the fabrication of perovskite QD film optoelectronics on a large scale

Arrays of Triangular Au Nanoparticles with Self-Cleaning Capacity for High-Sensitivity Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

In the realm of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) research, the precise detection and effective cleansing of substances are critical. This study introduces a novel Au nanotriangle/Cs2AgBiBr6 (Au NT/CABB) SERS array, synthesized through a meticulous two-step process, which demonstrates remarkable SERS effectiveness. Using Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as the probe molecule, this substrate accurately detects target molecules and achieves an exceptional detection threshold of 1 × 10–13 M. The integration of CABB into the substrate endows it with photocatalytic properties, thereby accelerating the degradation of adsorbed signaling molecules and significantly enhancing the reusability of the Au NT/CABB arrays. Furthermore, the arrays exhibit outstanding SERS and photocatalytic performance with methylene blue (MB) and MB&R6G mixed solutions, distinguishing between the two signal molecules with high fidelity. Additionally, the SERS enhancement mechanism of the Au NT/CABB array is analyzed by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation and energy band structure. These findings highlight the substrate’s dual capability in leveraging both electromagnetic and chemical enhancement mechanisms for superior SERS performance, complemented by an integrated photocatalytic self-cleaning feature, making it a promising candidate for environmental detection applications

Dielectrophoretic-Assembled Single and Parallel-Aligned Ag Nanowire–ZnO-Branched Nanorod Heteronanowire Ultraviolet Photodetectors

The branched hierarchical heteronanowires have been widely studied for optoelectronics application because of their unique electronic and photonic performances. Here, we successfully synthesized Ag nanowire–ZnO-branched nanorod heteronanowires based on an improved hydrothermal method. Then we fabricated single heteronanowire across a Au electrode pair with different gap widths and parallel-aligned heteronanowires on a Au interdigitated electrode with a dielectrophoresis method, indicating the flexibility and operability of the dielectrophoresis assembly method. Increased photocurrent and shortened response time could be obtained by air-annealing and Ar-plasma post-treatments. A large responsivity of 2.5 A W^–1 and a linear dynamic range of 74 dB could be obtained, indicating stable responsivity for both weak and strong illumination. The excellent photoresponse performance is attributed to the structure superiority of heteronanowires. The proposed strategy of dielectrophoresis-assembled heteronanowires provides a new opportunity to design and fabricate hierarchical nanostructure photodetectors

One-Step Preparation and Assembly of Aqueous Colloidal CdS_<i>x</i>Se_1–<i>x</i> Nanocrystals within Mesoporous TiO₂ Films for Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells

In the field of quantum dots (QDs)-sensitized solar cells, semiconductor QDs sensitizer with a moderate band gap is required in order to sufficiently match the solar spectrum and achieve efficient charge separation. At present, changing the size of QDs is the main method used for adjusting their band gap through quantum size effect, however, the pore sizes of mesoporous TiO₂ film set a limit on the allowed size of QDs. Therefore, the tuning of electronic and optical properties by changing the particle size could be limited under some circumstances. In this paper, high-quality aqueous CdS_<i>x</i>Se_1–<i>x</i> QDs sensitizer is successfully synthesized and effectively deposited on a mesoporous TiO₂ film by a one-step hydrothermal method. In addition to size, alloy QDs provide composition as an additional dimension for tailoring their electronic properties. The alloy composition and band gap can be precisely controlled by tuning the precursor (Se/Na₂S·9H₂O) ratio while maintaining the similar particle size. By using such CdS_<i>x</i>Se_1–<i>x</i> sensitized TiO₂ films as photoanodes for solar cell, a maximum power conversion efficiency of 2.23% is achieved under one sun illumination (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW cm^–2)