Cd, Hg, Pb, and As in European species of wild growing forest landscape fungi : a review

Kadmij (Cd), živo srebro (Hg), svinec (Pb) in arzen (As) so kovine, ki se naravno ali kot posledica človekove dejavnosti pojavljajo v okolju, tudi v gozdni krajini, kjer so rastišča številnih evropskih vrst gliv. Namen članka je bil pripraviti pregled vrst in količin izbranih kovin v trosnjakih gliv terprimerjati lastne raziskave, opravljene v različno onesnaženih območjih v Sloveniji (Zgornja Mežiška, Šaleška in Poljanska dolina), s podatki evropskih raziskav. Vsebnosti kovin v trosnjakih gliv iz neonesnaženih območij pravilomanajdemo v naslednjih intervalih: <0,5 mg/kg suhe teže (Cd), < 0,5 mg/kg do 10 mg/kg suhe teže (Hg), < 0,5 mg/kg do 5 mg/kg suhe teže (Pb) in < 0,5 mg/kg do 1 (2) mg/kg suhe teže (As). Na podlagi pregleda vsebnosti izbranih kovin v trosnjakih gliv ugotavljamo, da sta problematični kovini predvsem Cd in Hg. Omenjeni kovini lahko dosegata velike vsebnosti celo v glivah, ki rastejo v neonesnaženih območjih. Za vse analizirane kovin je značilno, da v trosnjakih gliv iz močno onesnaženih območji dosegajo velike, celo ekstemne vsebnosti, ki nekajkrat prekoračujejo vsebnosti iz neonesnaženih območij. Upoštevaje primerjavo z evropskimi raziskavami ugotavljamo, da je Zgornja Mežiška dolina obremenjena s Pb in Cd, Šaleška dolina pa s Cd in As.Metals, which originate from anthropogenic and natural activities, frequently occur in forest landscape with habitats of many European species of wild growing fungi. The presented review focuses on cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) levels in fruiting bodies of wild growing European species of fungi of forest landscape. Furthermore, a comparison with studies of this kind performed in Slovenia was made with the aim to assess themetals levels in fungi from differently polluted areas in Slovenia (the Upper Meža Valley, the Šalek Valley, the Poljana Valley). The usual reported levels for most species grown in unpolluted areas are in the following ranges:Cd: < 0,5 mg/kg - 5 mg/kg dry weight (dw), Hg: < 0,5 mg/kg - 10 mg/kg dw, Pb: < 0,5 mg/kg - 5 mg/kg dw, As: < 0,5 mg/kg -1 (2) mg/kg dw (As), respectively. The presented data reveal that cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) have probably been the most detrimental trace elements in fruiting bodies, which can reach increased levels even in unpolluted areas. It is evident for all analyzed trace elements that values can considerably increase in fungi picked in severely polluted areas. According to data regarding Slovene studies and comparison with other European studies, it is obvious that the Šalek Valley is enriched with Cd and As, while the Upper Meža Valley is considerably polluted with Pb and Cd

Distribution of alleles at each nuclear locus around the world.

<p>Distribution of alleles at each nuclear locus around the world.</p

Genotypes of <i>T. solium</i> in Madagascar at mitochondrial DNA and each nuclear locus.

<p>Genotypes of <i>T. solium</i> in Madagascar at mitochondrial DNA and each nuclear locus.</p

Mitochondrial genotypes of <i>T. solium</i> in Madagascar.

<p>(A) Pie charts illustrating the frequencies of the Asian and Afro-American mitochondrial genotypes of <i>T. solium</i> in each collection site. The numbers in the charts show the sample size for parasite isolates examined. Madagascar is divided into the 7 former provinces. (B) The haplotype network of concatenated mtDNA gene sequences. The size of the ellipses is roughly proportional to the haplotype frequency, and the actual numbers of haplotypes (>1) are enclosed in parentheses.</p

Genotypes of <i>T. solium</i> showing nuclear-mitochondrial discordance.

a<p> Haplotypes and alleles in bold are Afro-American ones.</p>b<p> Genotypes with underline indicate those at heterozygous loci.</p><p>Genotypes of <i>T. solium</i> showing nuclear-mitochondrial discordance.</p

Prevalence of borreliae in ticks.

<p>*The numbers include mixed infections.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of RF borreliae based on <i>16 S rDNA</i> of <i>Borrelia</i> spp.

<p>The phylogenetic tree of <i>16 S rDNA</i> was constructed. The phylogenetic branches were supported in >70% by the bootstrap analysis. The bar indicates the percentage of sequence divergence. Sequences in this study were shown in bold type. If possible, clone or strain name, isolation source, and country were described in the case of <i>B. miyamotoi</i>. Numbers in parentheses indicate Accession Numbers in GenBank.</p

<i>Borrelia miyamotoi</i> strains used in this study.

<p><i>Borrelia miyamotoi</i> strains used in this study.</p

Map of the Yueliang Mountain area in Southern NHAR, China.

<p>Map of the Yueliang Mountain area in Southern NHAR, China.</p

The prevalence of <i>B. miyamotoi</i> and LD borreliae in <i>Ixodes</i> ticks in Hokkaido.

<p>The asterisk shows significant difference: * P<0.01, by Fisher's exact test.</p