Genetic isolation by distance patterns in <i>Rattus rattus</i> populations of the four areas.

<p>Relationships (the regression line is shown only when significant) between pairwise Euclidean geographic distance between subpopulations and genetic differentiation, estimated as <i>F</i>_ST/(1-<i>F</i>_ST). (A) Moramanga, plateau area; (B) Mandoto, plateau area; (C) Betafo, mountainous area; (D) Ambositra, mountainous area.</p

Geographic location of the four areas studied and their sampled subpopulations in Madagascar.

<p>Mandoto, Moramanga: plateau areas; Betafo, Ambositra: mountainous areas.</p

Relationship between plague seroprevalence data and genetic structure in rats.

<p>Each subpopulation pair was characterized by its absolute difference between seroprevalence levels, and its pairwise <i>F</i>_ST. (A) Mandoto, plateau area: black circles indicated the subpopulations pairs involving MAhiV; (B) Betafo, mountainous area: black triangles indicated the subpopulation pairs involving BAtnV.</p

Seroprevalence and genetic estimates per subpopulation.

<p>Seroprevalence (SP) was calculated on all sampled individuals per subpopulation, and genetic estimates were calculated on genotyped individuals (N) per subpopulation. Mean and standard errors (<i>r, H_S</i>) or 95% confidence intervals (<i>F_IS, F_ST</i>) are reported for each area.</p>*<p>indicated significant <i>F_IS</i> values after correction for multiple tests.</p

Study areas and their characteristics.

<p>D_E = Euclidean distance among villages (km).</p

Results of Structure analyses.

<p>(A) Estimates of ΔK for each possible value of K within each of the four areas; (B) Structure bar plot for the run with the highest estimated posterior probability for Betafo at K = 2: subpopulations are ordered from south (left) to north (right).</p