Middle managers' ethical decision making and behaviour in the organisational context

This study increases knowledge and understanding of middle managers’ ethical decision-making and behaviour within the context of Finnish higher education. The aim of the research is to develop a new framework for ethical decision-making and behaviour by combining prior theories and empirical knowledge. This dissertation consists of an introductory essay and three articles. The main argument of this research is that through organisations’ socialisation processes, middle managers adopt socially defined managerial roles, which affect their ethical decision-making and ethical conduct. We can say that especially the ethical organisational culture is significant for middle managers’ understanding of ethical accountability and for their actual ability to behave ethically when facing ethical problems. Another key argument of this research is that middle managers, as effective moral agents, can change and develop the existing organisational culture. This research draws on the phenomenological research tradition and it was conducted by using the critical incident technique (CIT). The data consists of interviews collected in four knowledge organisations, all of them institutions of higher education in Finland. The empirical findings of this dissertation suggest that ethical problems that require managerial decision-making are of an everyday nature in the knowledge organisations studied here, and that middle managers handle the problems in various ways, often on the basis of what they think is expected from them in their middle management position. In addition to meeting the role expectations held by upper management, middle managers also try to meet the expectations of their highly skilled staff members when making decisions. Moreover, managers themselves can act as influential decision-makers who set an example of ethical behaviour for others to follow. This result underlines the importance of open and honest dialogue between all managerial levels, and especially between managers and employees in knowledge organisations, concerning what is expected in terms of ethical decision-making and ethical behaviour. In this introductory essay, a new theoretical framework for ethical decision- making and behaviour is developed. What is called the appropriate agency framework for ethical decision-making combines the theories of logic of appropriateness and moral agency and takes into account the dimensions of the ethical culture of organisations. The framework demonstrates how situational elements, the centrality of moral identity, and organisational rules together influence ethical behaviour, and how reflection and learning affect this process

What should a manager like me do in a situation like this? Strategies for handling ethical problems from the viewpoint of the logic of appropriateness

In this research, we argue that managers have various strategies for handling complex ethical problems and that these strategies are formed according to the logic of appropriateness. First, we will show through a qualitative empirical study the different strategies that are used for handling ethical problems. Five types of strategies are identified in this study: mediating, principled, isolation, teaching and bystanding. Secondly, we will investigate the types of ethical approaches which managers reveal when handling ethical problems. Thirdly, we will discuss which strategies seem to contribute to the overall ethicality of organisations. To conclude, we suggest that the decisions and actions of managers like the middle managers in this study are influenced by their interpretation of what is appropriate behaviour in the particular situation