Tannins: Extraction from Plants

The chapter presents mainly on different extraction methods of tannin. Some technical means required for effective extraction are also presented, for example, collection and treatment of plant and drying and storage of plant. Opportunity and challenges in application of extraction methods are also exhibited in the chapter

Optimization of protein extraction from "Cam" rice bran by response surface methodology

"Cam" rice bran was considered a waste product from rice, which is rich in natural compounds and protein owing to its outstanding nutritional value. This study aimed to establish an optimization model for extracting protein from rice bran, with two responses: extraction yield (%) and protein content (%). The variable parameters included were pH (8.5-9.5), stirring time (3.5-4.5 h), and enzyme incubation temperature (85-95°C). The coefficient of determination for both models were above 0.95, indicating a high correlation between the actual and estimated values. The maximum extraction yield and protein content were achieved when the conditions were set at pH of 9.02, stirring time of 4.02 h, and extraction temperature of 90.6°C. Under these optimum conditions, the predicted protein extracted from rice bran was 43.03% (moisture <13.0%), with an extraction yield of 15.9%. The findings of this study suggested that this protocol can enhance the utilization of rice bran and might be employed on a large scale in the food industry to exploit the nutritional source

A STUDY ON THE SYNTHESIS OF MgAl2O4 SPINEL BY STARCH ASSISTED SOL-GEL PROCESS

In this paper, the synthesis of ceramic spinel MgAl2O4 by starch assisted sol - gel process is presented. The gel mixture was prepared by using Mg(NO3)2.6H2O, Al(NO3)3.9H2O as precursors and starch as a gel agent. The study focused on relevant components of gel mixture and the calcinating temperature. The results showed that suitable molar proportion of Mg2+/Al3+; starch/(Mg2+ + Al3+) and H2O/starch were 0.5, 0.4 and 60, respectively. The calcination at               1100 oC for 60 minutes was suitable for forming phase of spinel. The product was a single phase of spinel MgAl2O4 with excellent crystallinity and uniform size in the range of 300 to 400 nm

Effect of the feeding condition and number of dominant follicles on oestrus synchronization in Swamp buffalo

The research aimed to assess how feeding conditions and the number of the dominant follicles (DF) influence oestrus synchronization in swamp buffaloes. A total of 170 swamp female buffaloes raised in semi-grazing and housekeeping were included in the study. The synchronization used CIDR method and the follicles on the day of CIDR (Controlled Internal Drug Releasing) insert and removal were tracked by sonography. The results indicated that the age of first mating, age at first calving, and caving interval showed no significant differences in the two feeding conditions. The number of follicles at CIDR insertion and removal decreased in semi-grazing, but increased in housekeeping buffaloes. The percentage of buffalo without DF, one DF, and two DFs at CIDR withdrawal did not differ statistically. The percentage of estrus was 100% in both groups. Pregnancy rates were 53.18% in semi- grazing and 52.63% in housekeeping. The onset of oestrus was similar, but the duration of oestrus was longer in the buffaloes without DF than those with one or two DFs. The percentage of pregnant buffaloes in the group without DF was significantly lower than that in the other two groups. In summary, the efficiency of oestrus synchronization did not differ between semi-grazing and housekeeping methods. Buffaloes without DF displayed longer oestrus periods and lower pregnancy rates compared to those with one or two DFs in the ovarian system

INFLUENCE OF SYNTHESIS FACTORS ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMERS BASED ON RED MUD AND RICE HUSK ASH

In this paper, the effect of mixing ratio of raw materials, curing temperature and time on geopolymerization between red mud and rice husk ash were investigated. The results showed that the optimum conditions were SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 4 and Na2O/Al2O3 ratio of 2.0, curing temperature of 100oC and curing time of 24 hours. The compressive strength, bulk density, total shrinkage of the obtained product were 22.8 MPa, 2.39 g.cm-3, 15%, respectively that met requirement of unsintered bricks using for construction

Comparison of dispersion characteristics of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers filled with aromatic compounds

In this paper, hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) infiltrated with benzene and nitrobenzene are designed and investigated. Their dispersion characteristics are numerically simulated. The results show that using the aromatic-compounds-filled hollow core of PCFs makes dispersion curves flat. In addition, the dispersion curves approach the zero-dispersion line closer than previously published dispersion curves of PCFs with toluene, thus significantly improving the supercontinuum generation to create the ultra-flat spectrum expansion

Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitis samples in Nghe An province, Vietnam

Background and Aim: Vietnam’s dairy sector is in its early phase of large-scale farming development. Therefore, mastitis in cows is always a concern to farm owners. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance, and virulence-related genes of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitis in Nghe An province of Vietnam. Materials and Methods: Fifty E. coli strains were isolated from the clinical cases and subjected to this study. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disk-diffusion method, as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Antimicrobial and virulence genes were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. Results: All isolates were resistant to lincomycin and sulfamethoxazole and sensitive to gentamicin, while other antimicrobials showed resistance from 2% to 90%. Multidrug resistance was confirmed in 46% of isolates, and none of them were identified as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. From fifty strains tested for antimicrobial and virulence genes, six isolates harbored tetA, 6 tetB, 13 sul1, 15 sul2, 2 Intimin (eae), 1 iutA, and 3 stx2. Conclusion: Antimicrobial and multidrug resistances are the main virulence factors of E. coli isolated from bovine mastitis in Vietnam. The virulence genes encoding adhesion, siderophore, Shiga-toxin-producing, and antimicrobials resistant were first reported in Vietnam with low prevalence and contributed to the pathogenesis

Rice farmers' perception and determinants of climate change adaptation measures: a case study in Vietnam

The study used Mann Kendall's and Sen's slope tests to elicit rice farmers' perceptions of climate change due to extreme weather occurrences and compared them to hydro-meteorological data. According to the findings, temperatures increased by 0.4 degrees during the last 35 years. While rainfall has increased, the pattern has been difficult to discern. The test results corroborated farmers' perceptions of increased heat spells, but rainfall frequency and intensity vary and are difficult to anticipate. Three adaptation strategies are frequently employed in the Nong Cong district: adjusting the seasonal calendar to alter transplanting and harvesting timing; increasing fertiliser and pesticide application; and changing variety to short-time kinds. Due to the interdependence of adaption techniques, the study used a multivariate probit model. The regression findings indicated that several relevant variables influence the decision to apply adaption methods. Numerous policy ideas for enhancing adaptation to climate change can be derived from the results of this study. District governments must improve their capacity to forecast weekly weather and train how to adapt production to climate change.Le Phuong Nam (Viet Nam National University of Agriculture (VNUA)), Nguyen Dang Que (National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA)), Nguyen Van Song (Viet Nam National University of Agriculture (VNUA)), Tran Thi Hoang Mai (Vinh University (VU)), Nguyen Thi Minh Phuong (Vinh University (VU)), Nguyen Thi Xuan Huong (Viet Nam National University of Forestry (VNUF)), Nguyen Cong Tiep (Viet Nam National University of Agriculture (VNUA)), Tran Ba Uan (Dien Bien Technical Economic College)Includes bibliographical references

Pro-poor intervention strategies in irrigated agriculture in Asia: poverty in irrigated agriculture: issues and options: Vietnam

Irrigated farming / Poverty / Farm income / Irrigation management / Institutions / Legal aspects / Water rates / User charges / Participatory management / Privatization / Participatory rural appraisal / Performance indexes / Irrigation programs / Irrigation systems / Pumping / Irrigation canals / Social aspects / Economic aspects / Rivers / Hydrology / Dams / Households / Income / Regression analysis / Drainage / Cooperatives / Water delivery / Water distribution / Rice / Financing / Drought / Vietnam / Red River Delta / Nam Duong Irrigation System / Nam Thach Han Irrigation System / Han River