Unleashing the Power and Energy of LiFePO₄‑Based Redox Flow Lithium Battery with a Bifunctional Redox Mediator

Redox flow batteries, despite great operation flexibility and scalability for large-scale energy storage, suffer from low energy density and relatively high cost as compared to the state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries. Here we report a redox flow lithium battery, which operates via the redox targeting reactions of LiFePO₄ with a bifunctional redox mediator, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-<i>p</i>-phenylenediamine, and presents superb energy density as the Li-ion battery and system flexibility as the redox flow battery. The battery has achieved a tank energy density as high as 1023 Wh/L, power density of 61 mW/cm², and voltage efficiency of 91%. Operando X-ray absorption near-edge structure measurements were conducted to monitor the evolution of LiFePO₄, which provides insightful information on the redox targeting process, critical to the device operation and optimization