MOESM1 of Effect of overliming and activated carbon detoxification on inhibitors removal and butanol fermentation of poplar prehydrolysates

Additional file 1: Figures S1–S46. MS spectra of the tentatively identified compounds. Figure S47. Structures of the tentatively identified carbonyl inhibitors from the poplar prehydrolysate by GC/MS. Figure S48. UV–Vis spectra of the untreated poplar prehydrolysate, the prehydrolysates after overliming, 5.0% AC and sequential overliming with 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% AC. Figure S49. TIC-GC/MS chromatogram of the prehydrolysate detoxified with sequential overliming and 2.5% AC

Tailpipe emission characteristics of PM_2.5 from selected on-road China III and China IV diesel vehicles

<p>Eighteen China III and IV diesel vehicles, including light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs), medium-duty diesel trucks (MDDTs), heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) and buses, were tested with real-world measurements using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The emission factors (EFs), chemical components and surface morphology of emitted particles from these vehicles were characterized. Measured features included organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble ions (WSIs) and trace elements of PM_2.5. The modelling system MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) was also employed to estimate the PM_2.5 EFs from these vehicles. Carbonaceous content made up 35.8–110.8% of PM_2.5, the largest contribution of all the determined chemical components; WSIs and elements accounted for less than 10%. The average PM_2.5 EFs of MDDTs and HDDTs were 0.389 g·km⁻¹ and 0.115 g·km⁻¹, respectively, approximately one order of magnitude higher than that of LDDTs. The PM_2.5 EFs of China III buses were much lower than those of China III MDDTs and HDDTs, indicating that the inspection maintenance program (I/M) system was carried out effectively on public diesel vehicles. Moreover, the chemical composition of 9.2–56.2% of the PM_2.5 mass emitted from China IV diesel trucks could not be identified in the present study. It was possible this unidentified mass was particle bound water, but this hypothesis should be confirmed with further measurements. The SEM images of PM_2.5 samples presented a loose floc structure. In addition, the trends of variation of estimated PM_2.5 EFs derived from the MOVES simulation were essentially consistent with those of tested values.</p> <p>Copyright © 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research</p