Observed and predicted monthly flow-weighted concentrations of suspended solids at the site OCRR (Orestimba Creek at River Road).

<p>Observed and predicted monthly flow-weighted concentrations of suspended solids at the site OCRR (Orestimba Creek at River Road).</p

PRZM-simulated removals of absorbed pesticide with depths of soil compartment, tested with historical bifenthrin applications at a melon crop field in the study area.

<p>PRZM-simulated removals of absorbed pesticide with depths of soil compartment, tested with historical bifenthrin applications at a melon crop field in the study area.</p

Precipitation, bifenthrin use, and predicted max TUs at the site OCRR during 1990–2008.

<p>Precipitation, bifenthrin use, and predicted max TUs at the site OCRR during 1990–2008.</p

Sampling sites for model evaluation.

<p>Sampling sites for model evaluation.</p

Predicted toxic units (TU) of the simulated pyrethroids in this study, in comparisons with [a] measured TUs (samples without detected pyrethroids are arbitrarily plotted on the figure at 0.01 TU), and [b] measured cumulative mortality.

<p>Predicted toxic units (TU) of the simulated pyrethroids in this study, in comparisons with [a] measured TUs (samples without detected pyrethroids are arbitrarily plotted on the figure at 0.01 TU), and [b] measured cumulative mortality.</p

Chemical and toxic data for the simulated pyrethroids.

<p>Notes:</p><p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015794#pone.0015794-Epstein1" target="_blank">[1]</a> LC50  =  median lethal concentration for <i>Hyalella azteca</i> in sediment containing 1% organic carbon.</p><p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015794#pone.0015794-Spencer1" target="_blank">[2]</a> Data sources: physicochemical properties and reaction half-lives were retrieved from FOOTPRINT pesticide properties database <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015794#pone.0015794-FOOTPRINT1" target="_blank">[35]</a>. Method detection limits were taken from the respective studies. LC50 values were compiled by Domagalski et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015794#pone.0015794-Domagalski1" target="_blank">[29]</a> from the literature.</p

Orestimba Creek watershed and the sampling sites.

<p>Orestimba Creek watershed and the sampling sites.</p

Justifications for retraction stated in the notices consulted, which accounted for 4,232 retracted articles.

<p>Only 20% of articles were retracted due to research misconduct, while more than twice that many were retracted due to publishing misconduct. Note that 42% were retracted because of “questionable data or interpretations.” Percentages are based on the 3,631 ( = 4,232−601) notices which stated the justification.</p

Yearly distribution of articles retracted from 1980–2010.

<p>(A) Counts for total number of articles published (n = 4,268) or retracted (n = 2,961) for each year from 1980–2010 from dataset of 4,449 retracted articles. These values differ because an additional 508 articles have been retracted thus far in 2011, and many online-only retraction notices do not indicate retraction year. (B) Percentages of records retracted are based on numbers of records with “retracted publication” in the document type field of PubMed or “retracted article” in the title field of Web of Science divided by total number of records for each year.</p

Twenty-two journals each had 15 or more retracted articles.

1<p>Two authors, H. Zhong and T. Liu, accounted for most of the retractions from <i>Acta Crystallogr E</i>, as did Joachim Boldt for <i>Anesth Analg</i>.</p>2<p>All 49 articles from <i>Gene Express Pattern</i> were retracted due to a publisher error in which an entire issue of journal <i>Mech Dev</i> was accidentally published as <i>Gene Expr Patterns</i>. This journal was not covered in its entirety in Web of Science, so the count of 871 “records since 1980” is from PubMed.</p>3<p>17 of 25 <i>J Hazard Mater</i> retractions were authored by Pattium Chiranjeevi.</p>4<p>The count of 532 articles since 1980 is an underestimate since WoS only includes articles for volume 4 onward for this journal, and it is not covered by PubMed. This is a Korean-language journal to which we have no access, so the reason for this large percentage is not known.</p>5<p>12 of the 16 retractions for <i>Hear Res</i> were articles accidentally posted online on two different dates (2009 Oct 8 and 2010 Jan 30), indicating two isolated editorial errors.</p