The influence of IAC capacity after reuse.

<p>The error bars indicate IAC capacity deviations with three columns.</p

Standard curves by ELISA for diniconazole.

<p>ELISA concentrations were the values of three measurements. The error bars indicate standard deviations (n = 3). .</p

HPLC chromatography of pear samples spiked with 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ diniconazole (a: non-purified, b: purified by IAC), blank pear sample (c: purified by IAC) and standard solution of 1 mg kg⁻¹ diniconazole (d).

<p>Peak identifications: (A). impurity, (B). diniconazole.</p

Diniconazole recovery from the spiked samples by HPLC and the ELISA.

<p>Diniconazole recovery from the spiked samples by HPLC and the ELISA.</p

Influence of matrix dilution on the reliability of the diniconazole ELISA.

a<p>tomato and pear samples were diluted (2.5, 5, 10, and 15-fold) with PBS containing 20% methanol.</p

Regression curve of GC versus ELISA methods for determination of diniconazole in water, pear and tomato samples.

<p>ELISA concentrations were the mean values of triplicate measurements.</p

Quantitative Shotgun Proteomics Associates Molecular-Level Cadmium Toxicity Responses with Compromised Growth and Reproduction in a Marine Copepod under Multigenerational Exposure

In this study, the copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i> was exposed to different cadmium (Cd) treatments (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 50 μg/L in seawater) for five generations (F0–F4), followed by a two-generation (F5–F6) recovery period in clean seawater. Six life-history traits (survival, developmental time of nauplius phase, developmental time to maturation, number of clutches, number of nauplii/clutch, and fecundity) were examined for each generation. Metal accumulation was also analyzed for generations F0–F6. Additionally, proteome profiling was performed for the control and 50 μg/L Cd-treated F4 copepods. In F0–F4 copepods, Cd accumulated in a concentration-dependent manner, prolonging the development of the nauplius phase and maturation and reducing the number of nauplii/clutch and fecundity. However, during F5–F6, Cd accumulation decreased rapidly, and significant but subtle effects on growth and reproduction were observed only for the highest metal treatment at F5. Proteomic analysis revealed that Cd treatment had several toxic effects including depressed nutrient absorption, dysfunction in cellular redox homeostasis and metabolism, and oxidative stress, resulting in growth retardation and reproduction limitation in this copepod species. Taken together, our results demonstrate the relationship between molecular toxicity responses and population-level adverse outcomes in <i>T. japonicus</i> under multigenerational Cd exposure

Global Proteome Profiling of a Marine Copepod and the Mitigating Effect of Ocean Acidification on Mercury Toxicity after Multigenerational Exposure

Previously, we found that ocean acidification (OA) mitigates mercury (Hg) toxicity to marine copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i> under multigenerational exposure (four generations, F0–F3). To determine the response mechanisms of <i>T. japonicus</i> against long-term exposure to OA and Hg pollution, we investigated the proteome of F3 copepods after multigenerational exposure to four conditions: pCO₂ 400 μatm + control; pCO₂ 1000 μatm + control; pCO₂ 400 μatm +1.0 μg/L Hg; and pCO₂ 1000 μatm +1.0 μg/L Hg. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that OA enhanced the copepod’s energy production mainly by increasing protein assimilation and proteolysis as a compensatory strategy, which explained its physiological resilience to reduced pH. Conversely, Hg treatment decreased many critical processes, including ferric iron binding, antioxidant activity, cellular homeostasis, and glutathione metabolism, and these toxic events could translate into higher-level responses, i.e., restrained reproduction in copepods. Importantly, the mediation of Hg toxicity in <i>T. japonicus</i> by OA could be explained by the enhanced lysosome-autophagy pathway proteomes that are responsible for repairing and removing damaged proteins and enzymes under stress. Overall, this study provided molecular insights into the response of <i>T. japonicus</i> to long-term exposure of OA and Hg, with a particular emphasis on the mitigating impact of the CO₂-driven acidification on Hg toxicity

Development of Immunoassays for Detecting Clothianidin Residue in Agricultural Products

Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on polyclonal antibodies (PcAbs) for clothianidin are described: colorimetric detection format (ELISA) and pattern of chemiluminescent assay (CLEIA). Clothianidin hapten was synthesized and conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) to produce immunogen and coating antigen. Anticlothianidin PcAbs were obtained from immunized New Zealand white rabbits. Under optimal conditions, the half-maximal inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) and the limit of detection (LOD, IC₂₀) of clothianidin were 0.046 and 0.0028 mg/L for the ELISA and 0.015 and 0.0014 mg/L for the CLEIA, respectively. There were no obvious cross-reactivities of the antibodies with its analogues except for dinotefuran. Recoveries of 76.4–116.4% for the immunoassays were achieved from spiked samples. The results of immunoassays for the spiked and authentic samples were largely consistent with gas chromatography. Therefore, the proposed immunoassays would be convenient and satisfactory analytical methods for the monitoring of clothianidin in agricultural products

Expression of miR-194-5p, miR-192-5p, and miR-215-5p in human colon cell lines.

<p>The level of expression is given in sequence counts per million.</p