N1 latencies, amplitudes of conditioning and test sounds and values of sensory gating (TAMP/CAMP) in different cortical areas in waking rats.

<p>There are significant differences in the CLATs, TLATs, CAMPs and TAMPs in different cortical areas, but no differences in auditory sensory gating. The data are expressed as the mean (SD). “*” represents <i>P</i><0.05, one-way repeated measures ANOVA.</p><p>N1 latencies, amplitudes of conditioning and test sounds and values of sensory gating (TAMP/CAMP) in different cortical areas in waking rats.</p

Changes in the N1 latencies and amplitudes of the conditional and test sounds in different cortical areas during different vigilant states.

<p><b>A,B</b>. Latencies of the conditional sound (CLATs) (A) and test sound (TLATs) (B) in different cortical areas during waking, NREM sleep and REM sleep. <b>C,D.</b> Amplitudes of the conditional sound (CAMPs) and test sound (TAMPs) in different cortical areas during waking, NREM sleep and REM sleep. <b>E.</b> The percentages of increments in the TAMPs and CAMPs from waking to NREM sleep in different cortical areas. The data indicate that the CLAT, TLAT, CAMP and TAMP were affected by the vigilant state in the frontal and parietal areas (<b>F1, F3, P1</b> and <b>P3</b>), but not in the occipital areas (<b>O1</b> and <b>O3</b>). The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM; “*” represents <i>P</i><0.05, “**” represents <i>P</i><0.01, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, with Bonferroni correction post hoc tests.</p

Arrangement of electrodes and AEP waveforms recorded from different cortical areas.

<p><b>A.</b> Twelve straw electrodes were symmetrically placed over the frontal, parietal and occipital areas; one electrode was placed over the olfactory area as a reference electrode, and one electrode was placed over the cerebellum as a ground electrode. <b>B.</b> An expanded drawing of the area in the dashed box in the left figure. The waveforms represent the responses to the first sound recorded from different cortical areas in a waking rat. The arrows indicate the N1 component peaks, and the arrow heads indicate the peaks of the positive component (P1) before the N1 component.</p

Auditory sensory gating during waking, NREM sleep and REM sleep in different cortical areas.

<p><b>A.</b> The AEP waveforms to the Conditioning-testing paradigm sound stimuli during waking, NREM sleep and REM sleep in different cortical areas are shown. Blue and red AEP waveforms were evoked by the conditioning and test sounds, respectively; the dotted line indicates the start of the sound stimuli. The green rectangle indicates the substantial changes in the sensory gating and AEP waveforms in the frontal and parietal areas during NREM sleep. <b>B.</b> The T/C values of the left cortical areas during waking, NREM and REM sleep. The data indicate that auditory sensory gating was effected by vigilant states in the frontal and parietal areas (<b>F1, F3, P1,</b> and <b>P3</b>), but not in the occipital areas (<b>O1</b> and <b>O3</b>). Moreover, auditory sensory gating recorded in NREM sleep, but not in REM sleep, was decreased (the ratio of T/C increased) from waking in the cortical areas <b>F1,F3</b> and <b>P1</b>. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM; “*” represents <i>P</i><0.05, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, with Bonferroni correction post hoc tests.</p

Time Latencies of the N100-AEP trough in each brain region in WM states and rest states in the low WM load tasks.

<p>There were no statistically significant differences (<i>P</i>>0.05) in the N100-AEP latencies between WM states and rest states in the low load tasks. L-PF: left-prefrontal; M-PF: mid-prefrontal; R-PF: right-prefrontal; L-F: left-frontal; M-F: mid-frontal; R-F: right-frontal; L-T: left-temporal; R-T: right-temporal. Data is shown as mean (SD).</p

Time Latencies of the N100-AEP trough in each brain region in WM states and rest states in the high WM load tasks.

<p>There were no statistically significant differences (<i>P</i>>0.05) in the N100-AEP latencies between WM states and rest states in the high load tasks. L-PF: left-prefrontal; M-PF: mid-prefrontal; R-PF: right-prefrontal; L-F: left-frontal; M-F: mid-frontal; R-F: right-frontal; L-T: left-temporal; R-T: right-temporal. Data is shown as mean (SD).</p

Overall average N100-AEP waveforms of the mid-frontal region.

<p>A: Waveforms of the low WM load task; B: Waveforms of the high WM load task. Solid lines represent the average N100-AEP waveform in the WM state; dotted lines represent the average N100-AEP waveform in the rest state.</p

The percentage of correct responses in the visual WM tasks.

<p>The percentage of correct responses is greater than 85% in both the low and high WM load tasks. Data is shown as mean (SD).</p

Mean N100-AEP amplitudes in rest states (white bars) and WM states (gray bars) following an irrelevant auditory stimulus.

<p>A: N100-AEP amplitudes in low WM load task; B: N100-AEP amplitudes in High WM load task. L-PF: left-prefrontal; M-PF: mid-prefrontal; R-PF: right-prefrontal; L-F: left-frontal; M-F: mid-frontal; R-F: right-frontal; L-T: left-temporal; R-T: right-temporal. Results are expressed as mean±SEM; *<i>P</i><0.05.</p

Proton irradiated mice treated with hindlimb suspension fail to control a challenge with <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>.

<p>Groups of 10 C3H/HeN male (A) and female (B) and Balb/c male (C) and female (D) mice were proton irradiated (2 Gy) and/or placed in hindlimb suspension. Five days later, mice were exposed to <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> by intraperitoneal injection and followed for 5 days. Morbidity scores (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085665#pone-0085665-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>) were calculated daily and animals were considered morbid if their score increased by 3 points or remained elevated 2 points for 24 hrs. C =  control, S =  hindlimb suspended, R =  irradiated, and R+S =  irradiated and suspended. Statistical significance was measured by log rank analysis of Kaplan-Meier curves and expressed in the table as column versus rows.</p