Correlation analysis results between cortical thickness and duration of online gaming addiction in late adolescence with online gaming addiction.

<p>The cortical thicknesses of the peak vertex within the clusters of the left precentral cortex (r = 0.7902, <i>p</i> = 0.0001) and precuneus (r = 0.7729, <i>p</i> = 0.0002) were found to be significantly positive correlated with the duration of online gaming addiction in late adolescence with online gaming addiction. The left lingual gyrus (r = −0.8102, <i>p</i><0.0001) showed significantly negative correlation with the duration of online gaming addiction.</p

Subject demographics for adolescents with online gaming addiction (age range: 17–22 years) and control groups (age ranges: 17–21 years).

<p>The education level was matched between the addiction group (education range: 12–13 years) and control group (education range: 12–13 years). The more detailed information, which was described as Mean ± SD (range: min-max), can be found in the table.</p

Cortical thickness differences in adolescents with online gaming addiction compared with healthy controls.

<p>After controlling for the Beck depression inventory-II (BDI) effect, increased cortical thickness was observed in several regions in late adolescence with online gaming addiction compared to healthy controls, i.e. the left precentral cortex, precuneus, middle frontal cortex, and inferior temporal and middle temporal cortices. In addition, reduced cortical thickness in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula cortex and lingual gyrus, along with the right postcentral gyrus, entorhinal cortex, and inferior parietal cortex were detected in late adolescence with online gaming addiction.</p

VBM differences among three genotypes based on the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism.

<p>Top panel: areas with a significantly decreased GM volume in Met/Met group compared with Val/Val group (Met/Met < Val/Val, corrected, <i>P</i><0.05). Bottom left panel: areas with a significantly decreased GM volume in the Val/Met group compared with the Val/Val group (Val/Met < Val/Val, corrected, <i>P</i><0.05). Bottom left panel: areas with a significantly decreased GM volume in the Met carriers group (Met/Met+Val/Met) compared with the Val/Val group (Met carriers < Val/Val, corrected, <i>P</i><0.05 ). ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; MCC, middle cingulated cortex; MTC, middle temporal cortex; IC, insular cortex; IFC, inferior frontal cortex; OFC, orbital frontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; STC, superior temporal cortex.</p

The schematic diagram of tactile-motor procedures during acupuncture manipulation.

<p>The schematic diagram for the feedback loop underlying tactile-motor procedures in the process of acupuncture. The patients’ concurrent bodily response to each round of needling manipulation is transmitted to acupuncturist through the fine needle. The acupuncturist distinguishes the subtle difference between the actual tactile sensation and the expected one. The tactile discrimination is followed by motor planning procedure in which the next-step plan of method of needling manipulation, frequency and intensity of rotation is generated. Then, the postural configuration from the motor plan is executed as acupuncturist’s fine and coordinated finger movement over the needles. This feedback loop is repeated until the target response is obtained.</p

Cortical thickness differences among three genotypes based on the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism.

<p>Left panel: areas with a significantly thinning cortex in the Met/Met group compared with the Val/Val group (Met/Met < Val/Val, corrected, <i>P</i><0.05). Right panel: areas with a significantly thinning cortex in the Val/Met group compared with the Val/Val group (Val/Met < Val/Val, corrected, <i>P</i><0.05). cMFC, caudal middle frontal cortex; IC, insular cortex; IPC, inferior parietal cortex; LOC, lateral occipital cortex; MTC, middle temporal cortex; OFC, orbital frontal cortex; PC, precuneus cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; rMFC, rostral middle frontal cortex; SFC, superior frontal cortex; SPC, superior parietal cortex;. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037777#pone-0037777-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037777#pone-0037777-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> for details.</p

Dispositional measurement of empathy and ratings of unpleasantness in two groups.

<p>ECS: emotional contagion scale; SPQ: situational pain questionnaire; IRI: interpersonal reaction index; PT: perspective taking; EC: empathic concern; PD: personal distress; FS: fantasy; SD: standard deviation;</p>*<p><b>denotes the item that shows significant difference between the acupuncturists and NA (</b><b><i>p<0.05</i></b><b>).</b></p

Genotype and allele frequencies of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in healthy young Chinese adults.

<p>Genotype and allele frequencies of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in healthy young Chinese adults.</p

Areas with decreased cortical thickness in the Val/Met group compared with the Val/Val group based on the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (FDR corrected, P<0.05).

<p>Areas with decreased cortical thickness in the Val/Met group compared with the Val/Val group based on the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (FDR corrected, P<0.05).</p

Cerebral VBM differences between groups (<i>p<0.01, corrected</i>) and regression analysi<i>s (p<0.05, Bonferroni corrected)</i>.

<p>The GMV differences in cerebral regions between groups. Positive linear correlations were found between GMV in the left SI and the duration of acupuncture practice. All images are shown as (1-p) corrected <i>p</i>-value images at the threshold of <i>p</i><0.01, corrected. The corresponding <i>t</i> values are provided. The vACC/VMPFC was displayed in the sagittal view, and SI in the axial view (on the left side) and the coronal view (on the right side) using MRIcro. vACC/VMPFC: ventral anterior cingulate cortex/ventral medial prefrontal cortex; primary somatosensory cortex: SI.</p