The Neural Responses of Visual Complexity in the Oddball Paradigm: An ERP Study

This research measured human neural responses to images of different visual complexity levels using the oddball paradigm to explore the neurocognitive responses of complexity perception in visual processing. In the task, 24 participants (12 females) were required to react to images with high complexity for all stimuli. We hypothesized that high-complexity stimuli would induce early visual and attentional processing effects and may elicit the visual mismatch negativity responses and the emergence of error-related negativity. Our results showed that the amplitude of P1 and N1 were unaffected by complexity in the early visual processing. Under the target stimuli, both N2 and P3b components were reported, suggesting that the N2 component was sensitive to the complexity deviation, and the attentional processing related to complexity may be derived from the occipital zone according to the feature of the P3b component. In addition, compared with the low-complexity stimulus, the high-complexity stimulus aroused a larger amplitude of the visual mismatch negativity. The detected error negativity (Ne) component reflected the error detection of the participants’ mismatch between visual complexity and psychological expectations

Simple Strategy Generating Hydrothermally Stable Core–Shell Platinum Catalysts with Tunable Distribution of Acid Sites

There are critical needs for platinum catalysts with high hydrothermal stability and tunable Pt–acid site proximity, which could not be achieved via traditional methods. Here, we describe a simple strategy (SiO₂ alumination combined with controlled removal of the capping agent) through which Pt-based core–shell catalysts that tolerant both high-temperature steam and boiling water can be obtained. More importantly, this strategy allows precise control of the distance between acid sites and Pt; thus, the interfacial electronic interaction can be cut off without prohibiting the spillover of adsorbed species. This tunable structure not only helps to unravel the mechanism of C₃H₈ oxidation over acidic Pt catalyst but also increases the N₂ selectivity for NO_<i>x</i> selective catalytic reduction. Given that the component of both the “core” and “shell” can be changed easily, this strategy should have wide application in mechanism exploration as well as the development of catalysts for various reactions