MDAM-DRNet: Dual Channel Residual Network with Multi-Directional Attention Mechanism in Strawberry Leaf Diseases Detection

The growth of strawberry plants is affected by a variety of strawberry leaf diseases. Yet, due to the complexity of these diseases\u27 spots in terms of color and texture, their manual identification requires much time and energy. Developing a more efficient identification method could be imperative for improving the yield and quality of strawberry crops. To that end, here we proposed a detection framework for strawberry leaf diseases based on a dual-channel residual network with a multi-directional attention mechanism (MDAM-DRNet). (1) In order to fully extract the color features from images of diseased strawberry leaves, this paper constructed a color feature path at the front end of the network. The color feature information in the image was then extracted mainly through a color correlogram. (2) Likewise, to fully extract the texture features from images, a texture feature path at the front end of the network was built; it mainly extracts texture feature information by using an area compensation rotation invariant local binary pattern (ACRI-LBP). (3) To enhance the model\u27s ability to extract detailed features, for the main frame, this paper proposed a multidirectional attention mechanism (MDAM). This MDAM can allocate weights in the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions, thereby reducing the loss of feature information. Finally, in order to solve the problems of gradient disappearance in the network, the ELU activation function was used in the main frame. Experiments were then carried out using a database we compiled. According to the results, the highest recognition accuracy by the network used in this paper for six types of strawberry leaf diseases and normal leaves is 95.79%, with an F1 score of 95.77%. This proves the introduced method is effective at detecting strawberry leaf diseases

MDAM-DRNet: Dual Channel Residual Network with Multi-Directional Attention Mechanism in Strawberry Leaf Diseases Detection

The growth of strawberry plants is affected by a variety of strawberry leaf diseases. Yet, due to the complexity of these diseases\u27 spots in terms of color and texture, their manual identification requires much time and energy. Developing a more efficient identification method could be imperative for improving the yield and quality of strawberry crops. To that end, here we proposed a detection framework for strawberry leaf diseases based on a dual-channel residual network with a multi-directional attention mechanism (MDAM-DRNet). (1) In order to fully extract the color features from images of diseased strawberry leaves, this paper constructed a color feature path at the front end of the network. The color feature information in the image was then extracted mainly through a color correlogram. (2) Likewise, to fully extract the texture features from images, a texture feature path at the front end of the network was built; it mainly extracts texture feature information by using an area compensation rotation invariant local binary pattern (ACRI-LBP). (3) To enhance the model\u27s ability to extract detailed features, for the main frame, this paper proposed a multidirectional attention mechanism (MDAM). This MDAM can allocate weights in the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions, thereby reducing the loss of feature information. Finally, in order to solve the problems of gradient disappearance in the network, the ELU activation function was used in the main frame. Experiments were then carried out using a database we compiled. According to the results, the highest recognition accuracy by the network used in this paper for six types of strawberry leaf diseases and normal leaves is 95.79%, with an F1 score of 95.77%. This proves the introduced method is effective at detecting strawberry leaf diseases

Development of Citrus-Based Functional Jelly and an Investigation of Its Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Properties

Intervention with natural products is becoming a promising obesity control strategy as healthy eating becomes increasingly popular. The present study aimed to prepare a citrus-based functional jelly (CFJ) from citrus by-products and investigate its bioactive effects in mice. The results of the CFJ preparation showed that the optimal formula of CFJ was 29.12%, 20%, and 3.61% for chenpi, orange juice, and pectin, respectively. The optimized CFJ can be personalized and designed with jelly shapes using 3D food printing technology. The evaluation of the biological activity of the CFJ showed that it was low in calories, with a total phenolic content of 12.44 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g. Moreover, the CFJ has a good free radical scavenging ability for ABTS. The results of the mouse experiments showed that the CFJ significantly suppressed the body weight gain and fat deposits with a dose-dependent effect, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the activities of the antioxidant-related enzymes (CAT and SOD) of the mice were also enhanced after a supplementation with the CFJ. In short, the CFJ is a functional snack enriched in phenolic substances with low-calorie, antioxidant and anti-obesity properties. This work promotes the utilization of citrus by-products and the healthy development of its processing industry

Fluid inclusion and C-H-O-S-Pb isotope characteristics and geological significance of lead-zinc-fluorite deposits in the Geleche area, Laifeng, Hubei Province

Objective Lead-zinc mineralization is widely distributed in southwestern Hubei Province, but no large deposits have been found thus far, and there is a lack of systematic studies on metallogenic systems. Methods The C-H-O-S-Pb isotope analysis and the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions of lead-zinc-fluorite ore in the Geleche area of Laifeng were conducted. Results The results show that the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in fluorite and calcite is concentrated between 137-170℃, and the variation range of salinity is 11.46%-16.89%. It is a NaCl-H2O system with low temperature and medium and low salinity. The main source may be metamorphic dehydration of rock formations containing sedimentary sulfate (marine sediments). The δ34S content ranges from 9.5‰ to 11.8‰, with an average of 10.92‰. 206Pb/204Pb 15.60, and 208Pb/204Pb < 39.00, and the floating ratio is small and high μ and high ω. Conclusion The sulfur and lead sources are mainly from the Ordovician and Cambrian ore-bearing strata in the Paleozoic sedimentary basin of the upper crust. Syngenetic sedimentary diagenesis and epigenetic medium- and low-temperature hydrothermal transformation are the dominant genetic types of the Geleche mining area. Compared with the typical lead-zinc deposits in the Yangtze Platform of West Hubei and Hunan, they have great similarity and obvious differences in metallogenic fluid, Paleozoic sedimentary environment and tectonic background

A Comparative Study of Potential Evapotranspiration Estimation by Eight Methods with FAO Penman–Monteith Method in Southwestern China

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is crucial for water resources assessment. In this regard, the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)–Penman–Monteith method (PM) is commonly recognized as a standard method for PET estimation. However, due to requirement of detailed meteorological data, the application of PM is often constrained in many regions. Under such circumstances, an alternative method with similar efficiency to that of PM needs to be identified. In this study, three radiation-based methods, Makkink (Mak), Abtew (Abt), and Priestley–Taylor (PT), and five temperature-based methods, Hargreaves–Samani (HS), Thornthwaite (Tho), Hamon (Ham), Linacre (Lin), and Blaney–Criddle (BC), were compared with PM at yearly and seasonal scale, using long-term (50 years) data from 90 meteorology stations in southwest China. Indicators, viz. (videlicet) Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), relative error (Re), normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2) were used to evaluate the performance of PET estimations by the above-mentioned eight methods. The results showed that the performance of the methods in PET estimation varied among regions; HS, PT, and Abt overestimated PET, while others underestimated. In Sichuan basin, Mak, Abt and HS yielded similar estimations to that of PM, while, in Yun-Gui plateau, Abt, Mak, HS, and PT showed better performances. Mak performed the best in the east Tibetan Plateau at yearly and seasonal scale, while HS showed a good performance in summer and autumn. In the arid river valley, HS, Mak, and Abt performed better than the others. On the other hand, Tho, Ham, Lin, and BC could not be used to estimate PET in some regions. In general, radiation-based methods for PET estimation performed better than temperature-based methods among the selected methods in the study area. Among the radiation-based methods, Mak performed the best, while HS showed the best performance among the temperature-based methods

Radiactive and non-radiactive processes in light-emitting conjugated polymers.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os processos radiativos e não radiativos em filmes automontados de poli(p-fenileno vinileno), ou PPV, sintetizados e processados no Grupo de Polímeros Prof. Bernhard Gross (GPBG) do IFSC. Além de adquirir conhecimento das propriedades ópticas fundamentais, tais como, os mecanismos básicos responsáveis pela emissão de luz, foram investigados os efeitos da temperatura, da redução da dimensionalidade através do tamanho efetivo de conjugação, das impurezas e dos defeitos estruturais. Foram realizados estudos das propriedades ópticas desse material através das seguintes técnicas espectroscópicas: fotoluminescência (PL), absorção óptica, fotoluminescência por excitação seletiva (PLE). As propriedades estruturais e de superfícies do PPV foram estudadas por infravermelho (IR) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). A adsorção de camadas alternadas do polímero precursor poli(cloreto de tetrahidrotiofeno de xilideno) (PTHT) e do íon de cadeia longa dodecilbenzenosulfônico (DBS) propiciou a formação de filmes finos com controle de monocamada. A introdução do DBS permitiu a conversão rápida (~10min) destes filmes em PPV a temperaturas muito mais baixas (~100 'graus'C) e com baixa incorporação de defeitos do que aquelas usadas convencionalmente. A boa qualidade estrutural e o alto grau de conjugação destes filmes de PPV foram responsáveis pela boa resolução dos espectros de absorção e emissão, o que permitiu fazer um estudo teórico mais detalhado das propriedades ópticas básicas deste material. Demonstramos que as transições ópticas em polímeros conjugados podem ser descritas pela intensidade da linha de zero-fônon 'I IND.o', pela sua largura 'TAU' e posição 'E IND.o', bem como pelo acoplamento entre os níveis eletrônicos e vibracionais descrito pelo fator Huang-Rhys S. Mostramos que estes parâmetros são profundamente influenciados pela desordem conformacional da cadeia introduzida pela temperatura e pela variação do grau de conjugação. Em especial, consideramos explicitamente a estrutura vibracional do PPV levando-se em conta a aproximação teórica de Franck-Condon de modo a explicar o espectro de emissão experimental. Fomos capazes de reproduzir os espectros de PPV quando consideramos três modos vibracionais efetivos com energias correspondentes em 330, 1164 e 1550 cm-1, que correspondem a estruturas vibracionais intensas do PPV obtidas por espectroscopia de absorção infravermelho e Raman. Do estudo da forma de linha obtivemos pela primeira vez que acoplamento elétron-fônon parametrizado pelo fator S possui diferente dependência com a temperatura para cada um dos modos efetivos. Desta forma, pudemos obter aspectos fundamentais do acoplamento entre os estados eletrônicos e o movimento nuclear em polímeros conjugados que ainda não tinham sido estudados em detalhe na literatura.The subject of this work is the investigation of the radiactive and non-radiactive processes in poly (p-phenylene vinylene) self-assembled films (PPV), which were synthesized and processed at the Grupo de Polímeros Bernhard Gross (GPBG) of the IFSC. Besides the investigation of the fundamental optical properties, such as the basic mechanisms responsible for light emission, temperatures effects, dimensional reduction, impurities and structural effects were investigated. We investigation the optical properties of this material using the following spectroscopic techniques: photoluminescence (PL), optical absorption and selective excitation photoluminescence (PLE). The structural and superficial properties of PPV were investigated by infrared absorption (IR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The adsorption of alternated layers of the precursor polymer poly(xylylidenetetrahydrothiophenium chloride) (PTHT) and the long chain ion dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) permitted the formation of thin films with monolayer control. The introduction of the DBS allowed the rapid conversion (~10min) of this films into PPV at much lower temperatures (~100 oC) and with less defect incorporation than conventional PPV films. The good structural quality and the high conjugation degree of this films were responsible for the high resolution of the vibronic structures in the absorption and emission spectra, which allowed us to make a detailed theoretical study of this material’s basic optical properties. We have shown that the optical transitions in conjugated polymers may be described by the intensity of the zero-phonon line Io, its width 'TAU' and position Eo, as well as by the electronic and vibrational coupling described by the Huang-Rhys factor, S. These parameters are highly influenced by the chain conformational disorder introduced by the temperature and the variation of the conjugation degree. In order to explain the experimental emission spectra we have explicitly considered the vibrational structure of PPV taking into account the theoretical Franc-Condon approximation. We have been able to reproduce these spectra considering three effective vibrational modes with energies at 330, 1164 and 1550 cm-1, which correspond to intense PPV vibrational structures obtained by infrared and Raman absorption spectroscopy. Studying the line shape we found that the electron-phonon coupling of each effective mode, parameterized by the S factor, has different temperature dependence. This work has allowed us to investigate fundamental aspects of the coupling between electronic states and nuclear movement in conjugated polymers that had not yet been studied in detail in the literature