Heat Transfer Interface to Graphitic Foam

The A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS (ATLAS) strip tracking detector is scheduled to be upgraded in 2025. The order of magnitude for the hit densities and the radiation damage are expected to increase. When radiation increases, the leakage current increases and the heat generated at the silicon trackers can lead to thermal runaway. Cooling is critical in these detectors. In this study, a glassy graphitic foam was developed by AllComp Inc.~as a precursor to the adhesives (glues). Graphene\textsc{\char13}s highly anisotropic thermal properties result in high thermal conductivity in the planar direction, while it is low in the normal direction. In these conditions, it is interesting to analyze how varying thickness of the thermal interface materials (TIMs) optimizes for effective thermal conductivity. It was hypothesized that the direction where heat enters the graphitic foam and the size of the cross-sectional area normal to the heat flux direction would affect the overall effective thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the overall effective thermal conductivity is likely reduced when a gap is created between ligands and the bonded surface. In this study, a computational approach was adopted, in which a model was developed using the finite element method. From the simulation results, it was found that 0.2 mm thickness of glue provides a better heat transfer at the interface. Using this thickness, the effective thermal conductivity was found to increase by 2.2\% to 5.7\% depending on the thermal conductivity of the selected filler. The amount of surface area contact between the bonded (titanium) surface and the ligands also alters the required thickness of the glue to reach the heat flux saturation in the graphitic foam. The results demonstrate that the parameters at the interface can be optimized to improve the overall heat transfer via conduction

The Trend and Intellectual Structure of Digital Archives Research

Archives are an extremely valuable part of cultural heritage since they represent the trace of the activities of a juridical person or organization in the course of their business. Through various information technology (IT), tremendous amount of digital archives (DA) are created. These archives are the basis for providing evidence and knowledge in everlasting memory of human society. The management of digital archives becomes a fast growing field throughout last decade and introduces abundant articles in academia. However, their trend and intellectual structure have remained obscure in the research community. To map the trend and intellectual structure of DA research, this study identifies the high-impact articles as well as the correlations among these scholar publications. In this study, text mining techniques, such as co-word and cluster analysis, have been deployed to investigate the intellectual pillars of the DA literature. This study exposes researchers to a new way of profiling knowledge networks and their relationships in the research area of DA, thereby helping academia and practitioners better understand up-to-date studies. The results of the mapping can help identify the research direction of DA research, provide a valuable tool for researchers to access DA literature, and act as an exemplary model for future research

Influential Factors upon Universities’ Patent Application in China Jiangsu Province: Based on Structural Equation Model

Nowadays, independent intellectual property rights have become a powerful weapon for the national competition. Mass innovation is also one of the engines of economic development. China is accelerating the construction of an innovative country. As patents are an important part of independent intellectual property rights, research on patents is helpful to China's innovation construction. Ten factors affecting the higher institutions’ patent application are summarized and extracted by carding literature. On this basis, three main factors including higher institutions’ internal environment, social environment and cooperative environment which influence the ten factors are abstracted by utilizing the exploratory factor analysis. Then, this paper takes China Jiangsu province higher institutions as an example to construct the influential factors’ routes model of higher institutions’ patent application. Structural equation model is used to verify and modify the model based on the questionnaire data. The results show that the three types of environment have a positive effect on higher institutions’ patent application, in which the higher institutions’ internal environment has the most effect on the patent application. The higher institutions’ internal environment and the social environment also have an effect on the cooperative environment, which also affects the patent application. Therefore, higher institutions and society are required to improve their internal environment and construct the favorable social environment of patent application respectively as well as the higher institutions and governments are required to create the cooperative environment that is beneficial for patent application so that they can promote the higher institutions’ patent application. Keywords: patent application; influential factors; influential route; structural equation model DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-9-01 Publication date:March 31st 202

Functional analysis of hepatitis B virus pre-s deletion variants associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Naturally occurring pre-S deletion mutants have been identified in hepatitis B carriers and shown to be associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The phenotypes of these pre-S deletion genomes remain unclear, and they were investigated in this study.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The pre-S deletion genomes: (1) pre-S1 deletion, (2) deletion spanning pre-S1 and pre-S2, (3) pre-S2 N-terminal deletion, and (4) pre-S2 internal deletion were constructed and analyzed by transfection into Huh-7 cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Functional analyses reveal that these mutants were divided into two groups: S promoter deletion and non-S promoter deletion variants. Compared with the wild-type genome, S promoter deletion variants led to an inverse ratio of pre-S1 mRNA and pre-S2/S mRNA, and intracellular accumulation of surface proteins. An interesting finding is that a small amount of L proteins was detected in the medium from S promoter deletion variant-transfected cells. Non-S promoter deletion variants conversely displayed a wild-type like mRNA and protein pattern. The secretion of surface proteins from non-S promoter deletion variants was inhibited less than from S promoter deletion variant. Immunofluorescence analysis showed mutant surface proteins colocalized with ER and exhibited an atypical distribution: granular staining pattern in the S-promoter deletion variants and perinuclear staining pattern in the non-S promoter deletion variants.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study shows that these pre-S deletion genomes exhibit two different phenotypes in mRNA transcription, surface protein expression and secretion. This diversity seems to result from the deletion of S promoter rather than result from the deletion of pre-S1 or pre-S2.</p

Application of geographic weighted regression to establish flood-damage functions reflecting spatial variation

Flood damage functions are necessary to ensure comprehensive flood-risk management. This study attempts to establish a residential flood-damage function through interviewing the residents living in the region where flood disasters occur frequently. Keelung River basin, near Taipei Metropolitan in Taiwan was selected as study area. Flood damages are related to the flood depths, which are the most commonly considered factor in previously published work. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to construct the flood-damage function at the beginning. Analytical results indicate that flood depth is the significant variable, but the spatial pattern of the residuals shows that residuals exhibit spatial autocorrelation. The Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) Model was then applied to modify the traditional regression model, which cannot capture spatial variations, and to reduce the problem of spatial autocorrelation. The R-square value was found to increase from 0.15 to 0.24, and the spatial autocorrelation in the residuals was no longer evident. A modified OLS model with a dummy variable to capture the spatial autocorrelation pattern was also proposed for future applications. In conclusion, the residential flood damage is determined by flood depth and zone, and the GWR model not only captures the spatial variations of the affecting factors, but also helps to discover the independent variable to modify the traditional regression model.Keywords: flood damage, flood depth, OLS, GWR, spatial autocorrelatio

THE INTELLECTUAL STRUCTURE OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS MANAGEMENT

A number of countries have launched projects with a particular emphasis on using information technologies (IT) to provide electronic information and services to citizens and businesses. Through various IT, tremendous amount of electronic records in government agencies are created. These records and archives are the basis of knowledge management. Electronic records management (ERM) is a fast growing field throughout the last decades. Theoretical foundations for ERM have remained obscure from the research community. To map the intellectual structure of ERM research, this study identifies the high-impact articles as well as the correlations among these scholar publications. In this study, co-citation, co-word, association rule and cluster analysis techniques are used to investigate the intellectual pillars of the ERM literature. This study exposes researchers to a new way of profiling knowledge networks and their relationships the area of ERM, thereby helping academia and practitioners better understand contemporary studies. The results of the mapping can help identify the research direction of ERM research, provide a valuable tool for researchers to access ERM literature, and acts as an exemplary model for future researches