Accelerating Monte Carlo Tree Search with Probability Tree State Abstraction

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithms such as AlphaGo and MuZero have achieved superhuman performance in many challenging tasks. However, the computational complexity of MCTS-based algorithms is influenced by the size of the search space. To address this issue, we propose a novel probability tree state abstraction (PTSA) algorithm to improve the search efficiency of MCTS. A general tree state abstraction with path transitivity is defined. In addition, the probability tree state abstraction is proposed for fewer mistakes during the aggregation step. Furthermore, the theoretical guarantees of the transitivity and aggregation error bound are justified. To evaluate the effectiveness of the PTSA algorithm, we integrate it with state-of-the-art MCTS-based algorithms, such as Sampled MuZero and Gumbel MuZero. Experimental results on different tasks demonstrate that our method can accelerate the training process of state-of-the-art algorithms with 10%-45% search space reduction

安全型糖尿病足趾甲修剪钳的研制与应用*

Objective: To evaluate the clinical application effects of new type secure toenail clipper for diabetes patients. Methods: Combining advantages and abandoning shortcomings of common nail clippers and scissors, designed a new type toenail clipper for diabetes patients with abnormal and (or) hard toenails, and applied it in 450 diabetes patients. Results: Easy application with safety and effective pruning. After pruning, the pain and oppression feeling caused by abnormal and (or) hard toenails relieved, and no case had diabetic foot ulcer. Conclusions: The new type secure toenail clipper can effectively reduce the sense of pain and oppression, and decrease the incidence of diabetic foot ulcer.目的  评价安全型糖尿病足趾甲修剪钳的临床应用效果。方法  结合普通指甲钳及剪刀的优点,摒弃缺点，针对糖尿病足顽固趾甲设计一款新型的趾甲修剪钳，应用于450例糖尿病足顽固趾甲患者。结果  操作者施力方便，修剪安全、有效。修剪后患者疼痛感与压迫感减轻，无1例发生糖尿病足溃疡。结论  新型糖尿病足趾甲修剪钳能够有效减轻患者顽固趾甲所致的疼痛感与压迫感，降低糖尿病足溃疡发生率

On the Improvement of Wiener Attack on RSA with Small Private Exponent

RSA system is based on the hardness of the integer factorization problem (IFP). Given an RSA modulus N=pq, it is difficult to determine the prime factors p and q efficiently. One of the most famous short exponent attacks on RSA is the Wiener attack. In 1997, Verheul and van Tilborg use an exhaustive search to extend the boundary of the Wiener attack. Their result shows that the cost of exhaustive search is 2r+8 bits when extending the Weiner's boundary r bits. In this paper, we first reduce the cost of exhaustive search from 2r+8 bits to 2r+2 bits. Then, we propose a method named EPF. With EPF, the cost of exhaustive search is further reduced to 2r-6 bits when we extend Weiner's boundary r bits. It means that our result is 214 times faster than Verheul and van Tilborg's result. Besides, the security boundary is extended 7 bits

1-Benzyl-2,3-dihydro­quinolin-4(1H)-one

In the title compound, C16H15NO, the two aromatic rings are approximately perpendicular; the carbonyl group is twisted out of the adjacent benzene ring by 14.8 (2)°. In the heterocyclic ring, the C atom linked to the carbonyl group and the C atom linked to the N atom have opposite deviations of 0.467 (5) and 0.184 (4) Å, respectively, from the plane of the benzene ring. The N atom lies approximately in the plane of the phenyl ring. There are no conventional hydrogen bonds; the packing of mol­ecules in the crystal structure is stabilized by van der Waals forces

Mapping QTLs for oil traits and eQTLs for oleosin genes in jatropha

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The major fatty acids in seed oil of jatropha, a biofuel crop, are palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2). High oleic acid and total oil content are desirable for jatropha breeding. Until now, little was known about the genetic bases of these oil traits in jatropha. In this study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) and expression QTL analyses were applied to identify genetic factors that are relevant to seed oil traits in jatropha.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Composite interval mapping identified 18 QTL underlying the oil traits. A highly significant QTL <it>qC18:1-1 </it>was detected at one end of linkage group (LG) 1 with logarithm of the odd (LOD) 18.4 and percentage of variance explained (PVE) 36.0%. Interestingly, the QTL <it>qC18:1-1 </it>overlapped with <it>qC18:2-1</it>, controlling oleic acid and linoleic acid compositions. Among the significant QTL controlling total oil content, <it>qOilC-4 </it>was mapped on LG4 a relatively high significant level with LOD 5.0 and PVE 11.1%. Meanwhile, oleosins are the major composition in oil body affecting oil traits; we therefore developed SNP markers in three oleosin genes <it>OleI</it>, <it>OleII </it>and <it>OleIII</it>, which were mapped onto the linkage map. <it>OleI </it>and <it>OleIII </it>were mapped on LG5, closing to QTLs controlling oleic acid and stearic acid. We further determined the expressions of <it>OleI</it>, <it>OleII </it>and <it>OleIII </it>in mature seeds from the QTL mapping population, and detected expression QTLs (eQTLs) of the three genes on LGs 5, 6 and 8 respectively. The eQTL of <it>OleIII</it>, <it>qOleIII-5</it>, was detected on LG5 with PVE 11.7% and overlapped with QTLs controlling stearic acid and oleic acid, implying a cis- or trans-element for the <it>OleIII </it>affecting fatty acid compositions.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We identified 18 QTLs underlying the oil traits and 3 eQTLs of the oleosin acid genes. The QTLs and eQTLs, especially <it>qC18:1-1</it>, <it>qOilC-4 </it>and <it>qOleIII-5 </it>with contribution rates (R²) higher than 10%, controlling oleic acid, total oil content and oleosin gene expression respectively, will provide indispensable data for initiating molecular breeding to improve seed oil traits in jatropha, the key crop for biodiesel production.</p

Isolation and Identification of miRNAs in Jatropha curcas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play crucial regulatory roles by targeting mRNAs for silencing. To identify miRNAs in Jatropha curcas L, a bioenergy crop, cDNA clones from two small RNA libraries of leaves and seeds were sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatic tools. Fifty-two putative miRNAs were found from the two libraries, among them six were identical to known miRNAs and 46 were novel. Differential expression patterns of 15 miRNAs in root, stem, leave, fruit and seed were detected using quantitative real-time PCR. Ten miRNAs were highly expressed in fruit or seed, implying that they may be involved in seed development or fatty acids synthesis in seed. Moreover, 28 targets of the isolated miRNAs were predicted from a jatropha cDNA library database. The miRNA target genes were predicted to encode a broad range of proteins. Sixteen targets had clear BLASTX hits to the Uniprot database and were associated with genes belonging to the three major gene ontology categories of biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Four targets were identified for JcumiR004. By silencing JcumiR004 primary miRNA, expressions of the four target genes were up-regulated and oil composition were modulated significantly, indicating diverse functions of JcumiR004

Application of Silver Dressing with Activated Carbon Fiber in the Rehabilitation of Aged Diabetic Foot Ulcers

本本文报道了12例顽固性老年糖尿病足溃疡患者的康复过程，通过全身评估、足部评估及多学科联合诊治的方法，制定优化的治疗护理方案。在伤口处理方面，首次将活性碳纤维含银敷料应用其中，通过6～12周的创面护理，溃疡愈合。该新型敷料，因活性碳纤维的吸附作用、远红处线的热能功效及银离子抗感染的作用，促进了创面的愈合，体现了物理疗法在顽固性老年足溃疡中的作用，值得在更大范围内验证和推广。12 cases of intractable diabetic foot ulcer in elderly patients was reported, systemic, topical evaluation, multi-disciplinary treatment, and optimized care program could accelerate healing process. Active carbon fiber containing silver dressing was fist used in diabetic foot care, and all ulcers healed in 6～12 weeks. This new dressing promote healing through absorption of activated carbon fibers, the effect of far red lines and the effect of silver ion on anti infection, which manifesting physical therapy assist ulcer recovery