Additional file 1: of A hierarchical method to automatically encode Chinese diagnoses through semantic similarity estimation

Coding performance under all settings. The detailed precision, recall, and F-score of the proposed algorithm under two encoding methods, three semantic similarity measures, and various word similarity thresholds. (XLSX 53 kb

Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Alkenylation of Arenes Using Thioethers as Directing Groups

Thioethers have been proven to be reliable directing groups for palladium catalyzed alkenylation of arenes via C–H activation. Mechanistic investigation reveals that the C–H cleavage of arenes is the turnover-limiting step, and an acetate-bridged dinuclear cyclopalladation intermediate is involved. The alkenylated thioethers can be easily removed and transformed into a variety of useful groups

Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Alkenylation of Arenes Using Thioethers as Directing Groups

Thioethers have been proven to be reliable directing groups for palladium catalyzed alkenylation of arenes via C–H activation. Mechanistic investigation reveals that the C–H cleavage of arenes is the turnover-limiting step, and an acetate-bridged dinuclear cyclopalladation intermediate is involved. The alkenylated thioethers can be easily removed and transformed into a variety of useful groups

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Chloroplast genomes: diversity, evolution, and applications in genetic engineering

The chloroplast genes which are absent in specific species, their knock out phenotypes and transfer to nuclear genomes. (DOCX 23 kb

Synthesis of Benzyl Esters via Functionalization of Multiple C–H Bonds by Palladium Catalysis

A highly efficient, selective synthesis of benzyl esters by palladium catalysis is developed through the bidentate directing group assisted functionalization of multiple C­(sp³)–H bonds

The primers used.

<p>The primers used.</p

Inhibition of ICAM-1 <i>N</i>-glycan elongation or processing by ATRA suppresses cell adhesion.

<p>A, Schematic presentation of the protocol used to determine the effect of ATRA on cell adhesion. Briefly, SW480 cells were transfected with the GnT-III specific siRNA, treated with ATRA and then co-incubated with the HUVEC monolayer. The cell adhesion was assessed by counting the cells attached to the HUVEC monolayer. B, The cells attached to the HUVEC monolayer were observed under a confocal microscope. C, The adherent cells were analyzed by cell counting. D, SW480 cells were pretreated with 10 µM U0126 and then with 25 µM ATRA. The cells attached to the HUVEC monolayer were observed under a confocal microscope. E, The adherent cells were analyzed by cell counting.</p

ATRA-induced GnT-III expression is involved in the modulation of ICAM-1 <i>N</i>-glycan composition.

<p>A, SW480 cells were treated with 25 µM ATRA for 0, 18 and 36 h. The expression of GnT-III and GnT-V at the mRNA levels was detected by real-time RT-PCR (n = 3). B and C, SW480 cells that were transiently transfected with 50 nM of the siRNA specifically targeting GnT-III were treated with 25 µM ATRA. The efficiency of transfection was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR (n = 3, B) and the expression of ICAM-1 by Western blot (C). D, SW480 cells were treated with 25 µM ATRA. Then immunoprecipitation by the antibody against ICAM-1 (1.5 µg per 500 µg of total protein) was performed. The immunoprecipitated products were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and consecutively incubated with biotinylated L-PHA or E-PHA lectin, streptavidin-labled rabbit IgG and HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG. Bound HRP on the membranes was detected by ECL. E, SW480 cells were pretreated with 0.7 nM stauroporine, 10 µM H-89, 10 µM SB203580, 10 µM U0126, 50 µM PD98059, 20 µM SP600125 or 50 µM LY294002 for 2 h and then exposed to 25 µM ATRA for 36 h. The expression of ICAM-1 and phosphorylation of ERK were analyzed by Western blot. F, SW480 cells were pretreated with 10 µM U0126 and then with 25 µM ATRA. The expression of GnT-III at the mRNA level was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR (n = 3).</p

Polymeric Medical Sutures: An Exploration of Polymers and Green Chemistry

With new K–12 national science standards emerging, there is an increased need for experiments that integrate engineering into the context of society. Here we describe a chemistry experiment that combines science and engineering principles while introducing basic polymer and green chemistry concepts. Using medical sutures as a platform for investigating polymers, students explore the physical and mechanical properties of threads drawn from poly­(ε-caprolactone) samples of different molecular masses and actual purchased absorbable and nonabsorbable medical sutures. An inquiry-based part of the experiment tasks students with designing their own experiment to probe the potential of melt blending poly­(ε-caprolactone) with commercially available polylactide products in order to modify the properties of the “sutures” drawn. Through these lessons students gain an appreciation for the importance of plastics in our society and how scientists are working to develop more sustainable alternatives. Overall, this laboratory experiment provides a feasible, versatile, sophisticated laboratory experience that engages students in a relatable topic and meets many of the Next Generation Science Standards

The effect of intra-LA infusion of AP-5 and CNQX on acquisition and expression of CTA memory.

<p><b>A</b>, Illustrating the effect of AP-5 on CTA memory acquisition. <b>Top</b>, schematic of the experimental design. <b>Bottom</b>, intra-LA infusion of AP-5 (5 µg/0.5 µl per side) before training blocks the acquisition of CTA memory tested at 24 h after conditioning. <i>n</i> = 7 for AP-5 group and <i>n</i> = 8 for vehicle group. <b>B</b>, Illustrating the effect of CNQX on CTA memory expression. <b>Top</b>, intra-LA administration of CNQX (1 µg/0.5 µl per side) before test1 blocks CTA memory expression. The blockade is reversible since intact CTA memory can be recalled 24 h later during test2. <i>n</i> = 7 for CNQX group and <i>n</i> = 5 for vehicle group. **p<0.01 or ***p<0.001 means significant. Error bars indicate SEM.</p