Attack Prevention of Secure Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Network by Node Recovery

The remote sensor framework is encircled by group of large no. of sensor nodes. The sensor center points have the limit of distinguishing the weight, vibration, development, dampness, and sound as in etc. In view of a necessity for generosity of checking, remote sensor frameworks (WSN) are regularly abundance. Data from different sensors is totaled at an aggregator center point which then advances to the base station only the aggregate qualities. Existing structure simply focus on acknowledgment of Attack in the framework. This paper areas examination of Attack Prevention by Node Recovery besides gives an idea to how to overcome the issue. And detecting the attacks by using IP & MAC Based Data Injection Techniques. What's more, utilize the SSSD dijkstra calculation for finding the briefest way from source hub to destination hub. Furthermore, by using AES Algorithm, give more security in the system

An Improved Bat Algorithm for the Hybrid Flowshop Scheduling to Minimize Total Job Completion Time

In this paper, we present improved bat algorithm (BA) to solve hybrid flowshop scheduling (HFS) problem, which is a typi- cal NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem with strong engineering production back- grounds. To make algorithms applicable in the HFS problem, we use smallest position value (SPV) rule to associate particles continuous property to discrete job order, greedy method to compute this job order to complete HFS schedule and rank selection rule for particles local search. Computation has three major outcomes: total iteration required to solve the problem, total computation time needed and total job completion time (JCT). Simulation results based on a variety of instances demonstrate the effectiveness, efficiency, and robust- ness of the algorithms. Comparison with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm de- picts that BA gives better results and stable outcomes

Coxiella burnetii Blocks Intracellular Interleukin-17 Signaling in Macrophages

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the etiological agent of Q fever. Successful host cell infection requires the Coxiella type IVB secretion system (T4BSS), which translocates bacterial effector proteins across the vacuole membrane into the host cytoplasm, where they manipulate a variety of cell processes. To identify host cell targets of Coxiella T4BSS effector proteins, we determined the transcriptome of murine alveolar macrophages infected with a Coxiella T4BSS effector mutant. We identified a set of inflammatory genes that are significantly upregulated in T4BSS mutant-infected cells compared to mock-infected cells or cells infected with wild-type (WT) bacteria, suggesting that Coxiella T4BSS effector proteins downregulate the expression of these genes. In addition, the interleukin-17 (IL-17) signaling pathway was identified as one of the top pathways affected by the bacteria. While previous studies demonstrated that IL-17 plays a protective role against several pathogens, the role of IL-17 during Coxiella infection is unknown. We found that IL-17 kills intracellular Coxiella in a dose-dependent manner, with the T4BSS mutant exhibiting significantly more sensitivity to IL-17 than WT bacteria. In addition, quantitative PCR confirmed the increased expression of IL-17 downstream signaling genes in T4BSS mutant-infected cells compared to WT- or mock-infected cells, including the proinflammatory cytokine genes Il1a, Il1b, and Tnfa, the chemokine genes Cxcl2 and Ccl5, and the antimicrobial protein gene Lcn2 We further confirmed that the Coxiella T4BSS downregulates macrophage CXCL2/macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and CCL5/RANTES protein levels following IL-17 stimulation. Together, these data suggest that Coxiella downregulates IL-17 signaling in a T4BSS-dependent manner in order to escape the macrophage immune response

Prevention of Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Network By Removing Falsified Sub Aggregate Attack By Node Recovery

The remote sensor framework is encircled by group of large no. of sensor nodes. The sensor center points have the limit of distinguishing the weight, vibration, development, dampness, and sound as in etc. In view of a necessity for generosity of checking, remote sensor frameworks (WSN) are regularly abundance. Data from different sensors is totaled at an aggregator center point which then advances to the base station only the aggregate qualities. Existing structure simply focus on acknowledgment of Attack in the framework. This paper areas examination of Attack Prevention besides gives an idea to how to overcome the issues. What's more, utilize the SSSD dijkstra calculation for finding the briefest way from source hub to destination hub. Furthermore, give more security in the system

Contribution of Lipid Droplet Breakdown to Coxiella Burnetii Infection

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium and causative agent of culture-negative endocarditis. Although Coxiella initially infects alveolar macrophages, it is found in lipid droplet (LD)-containing foamy macrophages in endocarditis patients. LDs are host lipid storage organelles containing cholesterol esters (CE) and triacylglycerols (TAG). Our previous studies show that Coxiella actively manipulates host LD metabolism via its Type 4 Secretion System (T4SS), which secretes bacterial effectors in the host cell cytoplasm to manipulate cellular processes. Further, specifically blocking adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-mediated LD breakdown inhibits Coxiella growth suggesting importance of LD-derived lipids for bacterial growth. However, how Coxiella regulates LD breakdown and the composition of LD-derived lipids is unknown. Our preliminary fluorescence microscopy studies using CRISPR knockouts and LD inhibitors indicate presence of TAG-rich LDs in Coxiella-infected cells. ATGL-mediated breakdown of TAG-rich LDs releases arachidonic acids, precursors for lipid immune mediators important for immunomodulation during bacterial infections. Hence we hypothesize that Coxiella manipulates ATGL via its T4SS to initiate TAG-rich LD breakdown and subsequently modulate the immune response to promote bacterial survival. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed ATGL gene expression in differentially infected cells using qRT-PCR. Compared to uninfected and T4SS-infected cells, Coxiella infection increased ATGL expression indicating T4SS-dependent regulation of ATGL. Ongoing studies are elucidating the Coxiella T4SS-ATGL interaction. To identify cellular CE and TAG levels and the breakdown products at different times post-infection, we are performing thin layer chromatography (TLC). Completion of our studies will identify the LD breakdown-derived lipids and how Coxiella regulates LD breakdown of to promote its intracellular survival

A study of prevalence and seasonal trends of different malarial species in district hospital

Background: Malaria imposes great socio-economic burden on humanity. In India, the epidemiology of malaria is complex because of wide distribution of anopheline vectors which transmitting mainly two Plasmodial species named P. falciparum and P. vivax. Though India is one of the known endemic countries, incidence of malaria is commonly influenced by environmental factors like climate, season, temperature and socioeconomic status. Objectives of the study were to know the prevalence of different malarial species and to know the seasonal trend of malaria.Methods: This study done microbiology department of district hospital over period of June 2015 to December 2015. We had collected total 6763 samples. We used Microscopic examination for the diagnosis of malaria by preparing thick and thin smears and stained using field stain.Results: We had collected total 6763 samples out of which 108 samples are found microscopically positive (1.5%). In our hospital we observed only Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum spp. Prevalence of P. vivax (64%) found more compare to P. falciparum (34%) and peak positivity rate found in July to October.Conclusions: In our study the most frequently implicated species was P. vivax. This indicates that P. vivax is the most widespread infection in India which results in a pronounced morbidity and the seasonal prevalence observed high in July to October. In order to implement effective preventive measures, proper surveillance on the incidence and prevalence of malaria is required

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF ATAZANAVIR SULPHATE IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Two simple, accurate, precise and cost effective UV-Spectrophotometric methods have been developed for estimation of Atazanavir sulphate (ATV), an anti-HIV drug, in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Method A is Absorbance maxima method, which is based on measurement of absorption at maximum wavelength, 247nm. Method B is Area under Curve (AUC), in wavelength range of 240-254nm. The linear responses were observed in the range of 5- 40 μg/ml for both the methods, with the regression coefficient of 0.9996 and 0.9997 respectively. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies and was found to be 100.56% and 100.86% respectively. The developed methods were validated for different parameters like linearity, accuracy (recovery), precision and specificity, as per the ICH Q2 R1 (International Conference for Harmonization) guidelines and were found to be satisfactory. These methods can be used for the determination of Atazanavir sulphate in bulk and formulation without interference of the excipients

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF DARUNAVIR ETHANOLATE IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Two simple, precise and economical UV methods have been developed for the estimation of Darunavir ethanolate (DRV) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Method A is Absorbance maxima method, which is based on measurement of absorption at maximum wavelength, 266 nm. Method B is area under curve (AUC), in the wavelength range of 255-275 nm. Linearity for detector response was observed in the concentration range of 3-18 μg/ml for the both methods. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy (recovery), precision and specificity. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies and was found to be 100.07% and 99.58% for Method A and Method B respectively. The results were validated statistically as per ICH Q2 R1 guidelines and were found to be satisfactory. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of DRV in tablet dosage form

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF STABILITY-INDICATING REVERSE-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF LEDIPASVIR IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the estimation of ledipasvir (LDP) in bulk and tablet formulation. Methods: Stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of LDP in bulk and tablet formulation. RP-HPLC was carried out on HiQ SiL C18 columns (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μ particle size) using mobile phase acetonitrile:1 mM ammonium acetate buffer in the ratio of 90:10 v/v at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The analytes were monitored using MD 2010 PDA detector at 333 nm. Results: The retention time was found to be 3.843 min. The proposed method was found to be having linearity in the concentration range of 5–30 μg/ml. The number of theoretical plates obtained was 4236.50 which indicate the efficient performance of the column. The limit of detection was 0.305 μg/ml and limit of quantification was 0.923 μg/ml, which indicate the sensitivity of the method; the high percentage recovery indicates that the proposed method is highly accurate. The developed method has been validated according to the ICH guidelines and found to be simple, specific, precise, and accurate. Conclusion: The proposed method is precise, accurate, and stability indicating. Therefore, the proposed method can be used for routine quality control and analysis of LDP during stability studies in bulk samples and tablet dosage forms

Elevated Cholesterol in the Coxiella burnetii Intracellular Niche Is Bacteriolytic

Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular bacterial pathogen and a significant cause of culture-negative endocarditis in the United States. Upon infection, the nascent Coxiella phagosome fuses with the host endocytic pathway to form a large lysosome-like vacuole called the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). The PV membrane is rich in sterols, and drugs perturbing host cell cholesterol homeostasis inhibit PV formation and bacterial growth. Using cholesterol supplementation of a cholesterol-free cell model system, we found smaller PVs and reduced Coxiella growth as cellular cholesterol concentration increased. Further, we observed in cells with cholesterol a significant number of nonfusogenic PVs that contained degraded bacteria, a phenotype not observed in cholesterol-free cells. Cholesterol had no effect on axenic Coxiella cultures, indicating that only intracellular bacteria are sensitive to cholesterol. Live-cell microscopy revealed that both plasma membrane-derived cholesterol and the exogenous cholesterol carrier protein low-density lipoprotein (LDL) traffic to the PV. To test the possibility that increasing PV cholesterol levels affects bacterial survival, infected cells were treated with U18666A, a drug that traps cholesterol in lysosomes and PVs. U18666A treatment led to PVs containing degraded bacteria and a significant loss in bacterial viability. The PV pH was significantly more acidic in cells with cholesterol or cells treated with U18666A, and the vacuolar ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin blocked cholesterol-induced PV acidification and bacterial death. Additionally, treatment of infected HeLa cells with several FDA-approved cholesterol-altering drugs led to a loss of bacterial viability, a phenotype also rescued by bafilomycin. Collectively, these data suggest that increasing PV cholesterol further acidifies the PV, leading to Coxiella death.IMPORTANCE The intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Coxiella burnetii is a significant cause of culture-negative infectious endocarditis, which can be fatal if untreated. The existing treatment strategy requires prolonged antibiotic treatment, with a 10-year mortality rate of 19% in treated patients. Therefore, new clinical therapies are needed and can be achieved by better understanding C. burnetii pathogenesis. Upon infection of host cells, C. burnetii grows within a specialized replication niche, the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Recent data have linked cholesterol to intracellular C. burnetii growth and PV formation, leading us to further decipher the role of cholesterol during C. burnetii-host interaction. We observed that increasing PV cholesterol concentration leads to increased acidification of the PV and bacterial death. Further, treatment with FDA-approved drugs that alter host cholesterol homeostasis also killed C. burnetii through PV acidification. Our findings suggest that targeting host cholesterol metabolism might prove clinically efficacious in controlling C. burnetii infection