Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Rice Field Sumps: Indigenous Technology for Catching Fish in Rice Field

Abstract: Catching fish in rice field is an age old traditional practice in Asian countries. In Assam farmers have a unique technique of catching fish in the rice field without disturbing the rice. Almost all farmers have sump in their rice field. An investigation was conducted in Goalpara district of Assam for exploring the technique. A total of 80 rice farmers of 16 villages of 8 rural development blocks were interviewed using a structured and validated questionnaire. Nine independent variables and seven critical dependent variables were selected for designing the questionnaire. The study revealed that all the farmer still use the technique for catching fish in the rice field. They use Kapau Dhekia (Lygodium flexuosum) and Saora tree (Lygodium flexuosum) as fish attractant. The study suggest that blending of this ITK with newly generated integrated rice fish farming shall help achieving the goal of sustainable agriculture along with food and nutritional security

Cone-beam computed tomography assessment of root canal transportation and evaluation of canal centering using Protaper Gold, XP Endoshaper, and Edgefile X7

Aim: This study aims to access and evaluate canal transportation and canal centering ability of Protaper Gold (PTG), XP EndoShaper (XPS) and EdgeFile X7 using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Sixty freshly extracted single-rooted premolars with mature apex and a canal curvature of 10°–20° were chosen and arbitrarily divided into three experimental groups (n = 20). After decoronation, the teeth measuring 16 mm were included in the study for standardization. According to the manufacturer's instructions, canals were shaped with PTG in Group 1, XPS in Group 2 and EdgeFile X7 in Group 3. For the evaluation of the root canal transportation at 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm from the apex, canals were scanned before and after instrumentation using CBCT scanner. Independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze data and significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: XPS showed significantly lower canal transportation than PTG system. Moreover, the centering ability of the XPS significantly higher than EdgeFile X7 and PTG at all root levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The XPS and EdgeFile X7 rotary file system showed the lowest transportation in both mesiodistal and buccolingual directions and also the highest centering ability. The PTG file showed the highest transportation and lowest centering ability

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Not AvailableThree pectinolytic microbial consortia developed for faster retting of jute (Chorchorus olitorius L. and Chorchorus capsularis L.) were subjected to various pH (4 to 12) and media with variable nitrogen and fixed carbon sources for optimization of fermentation conditions of the consortia for cost-effective pectin degrading enzyme production. All the microbial consortia were active over a wide range of pH from 6 to 10 and recorded maximum polygalacturonase and pectin lyase activities at pH 10. The polygalacturonase and pectin lyase activities of microbial consortium 3 were higher by 2.05 and 3.59 times over microbial consortium 1 and 3.66 and 4.72 times over microbial consortium 2 at pH 10. Among the eight media under study, the yeast extract pectin agar media recorded higher polygalacturonase and pectin lyase production by all the three pectinolytic microbial consortia. Yeast extract was found as the most suitable source of nitrogen over other source of nitrogen and suppliments for polygalacturonase and pectin lyase production. The polygalacturonase and pectin lyase production in yeast extract pectin agar media by microbial consortium 3 were higher by 2.2 and 3.3 times over microbial consortium 1 and 2.8 and 3.94 times over microbial consortium 2. Yeast extract pectin media at alkaline pH (8-10) recorded the maximum polygalacturonase and pectin lyase enzyme production by pectinolytic microbial consortia used for jute retting.Not Availabl

Capsaicin-induced activation of p53-SMAR1 auto-regulatory loop down-regulates VEGF in non-small cell lung cancer to restrain angiogenesis.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite decades of research, the treatment options for lung cancer patients remain inadequate, either to offer a cure or even a substantial survival advantage owing to its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy. Our results propose the effectiveness of capsaicin in down-regulating VEGF expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells in hypoxic environment. Capsaicin-treatment re-activated p53-SMAR1 positive feed-back loop in these cells to persuade p53-mediated HIF-1α degradation and SMAR1-induced repression of Cox-2 expression that restrained HIF-1α nuclear localization. Such signal-modulations consequently down regulated VEGF expression to thwart endothelial cell migration and network formation, pre-requisites of angiogenesis in tumor micro-environment. The above results advocate the candidature of capsaicin in exclusively targeting angiogenesis by down-regulating VEGF in tumor cells to achieve more efficient and cogent therapy of resistant NSCLC

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Aspirin inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration of oncogenic K-ras-expressing non-small cell lung carcinoma cells by down-regulating E-cadherin repressor Slug

p53 mutation exerts increased migratory effect in combination with oncogenic K-ras-expressing system on NSCLC cells migration. Phase contrast images (left panels) depicting migration of NCI-H522 cells (oncogenic K-ras/mutant p53), mutant p53-reconstituted H1299 cells (wild type K-ras/mutated p53), A549 cells (oncogenic K-ras/wild type p53), and wild type p53 reconstituted H1299 cells (wild type K-ras/wild type p53). Graphical representation of percent cell migration in wound healing assay (right panel) with inset showing immunoblot analysis for the transfection efficiency of p53 - R175H clone in H1299 cells and p53 - cDNA in H1299 cells. Scale bar: 100 μm. (TIFF 2457 kb

Effect of capsaicin on lung cancer cell spent medium-induced endothelial cell migration and network formation.

<p>(A) Migration of HUVECs in presence or absence of spent media of NME, WI-38, A549 and Hy-A549 (CoCl₂-stimulated to mimic hypoxic condition required for tumor-induced angiogenesis) were subjected to bi-directional wound healing assay for 24 h (<i>left panel</i>). The number of cells migrated in the wound area are represented graphically (<i>right panel</i>). (B) Representative images of HUVEC migration upon incubation with capsaicin-treated (0–50 µM) Hy-A549 cell spent medium (<i>left panel</i>). Percent cell migrated in the wound area has been represented graphically (<i>right panel</i>). (C) Hy-A549 cells were treated with capsaicin in a dose-dependent manner for 24 h and cell viability was scored by trypan blue dye-exclusion assay (<i>left panel</i>). Hy-A549 cells, treated with capsaicin (37.5 µM), were subjected to Annexin-V-FITC/PI binding and analyzed flow cytometrically for the determination of percent early apoptosis (<i>right panel</i>). (D) Cytotoxic effect of different doses of capsaisin on HUVEC cells were measured by trypan blue dye-exclusion assay. (E) Graphical representation of HUVEC migration upon incubation with spent media from capsaicin-treated (37.5 µM) HBL-100, HCT-15, HeLa and A549. (F) Representative images of capillary-like sprout formation by HUVECs in presence of media alone or spent media of WI-38/A549/Hy-A549/capsaicin-treated Hy-A549. Values are mean ± SEM of three independent experiments in each case or representative of typical experiment.</p

Capsaicin inhibits VEGF transcriptional activation by targeting HIF-1α in a p53-dependent manner.

<p>(A) Time-dependent expression profiles of HIF-1α mRNA and -protein were determined by Western blot and RT-PCR, respectively, in capsaicin-treated Hy-A549 cells (<i>left panel</i>). Capsaicin-treated Hy-A549 cells were examined for time-dependent variation in the expression profiles of HIF-1α by quantitative real time PCR analysis and represented graphically (<i>right panel</i>). (B) Hy-A549 cells, transiently transfected with a non-targeting control-siRNA or HIF-1α-siRNA, were incubated with/without capsaicin for 24 h; the cells were then analyzed to determine VEGF expression at protein and mRNA levels (<i>left panel</i>). Immunoblot showing transfection efficiency of HIF-1α (<i>right panel</i>) (C) Control-siRNA/HIF-1α-siRNA-transfected Hy-A549 cell-supernatants were used to assess HUVEC migration by wound healing assay after capsaicin-treatment (37.5 µM; 24 h) and represented graphically. (D) Time-dependent expression profile of p53-mRNA and -protein was determined by Western blotting and RT-PCR in capsaicin-treated Hy-A549 cells (<i>left panel</i>). p53 phosphorylation at Serine-15 position was also evaluated (<i>right panel</i>). (E) Hy-A549 cells, transfected with control-shRNA/p53-shRNA were incubated with capsaicin for 24 h and HIF-1α VEGF-mRNA and -protein were determined by Western blot and RT-PCR (<i>left panel</i>). Transfection efficiency was checked by analyzing p53 expression level (<i>right panel</i>). (F) HIF-1α was immunoprecipitated from capsaicin-treated Hy-A549 cell lysates and immunoblotted with anti-Ub antibody to assay HIF-1α ubiquitination. The ladder of bands represented ubiquitinated HIF-1α. In parallel experiment, immunoprecipitates were assayed for HIF-1α levels by Western blot. Comparable protein input was confirmed by direct Western blotting with anti-α-actin using 20% of the cell lysates that were used for immunoprecipitation. (G) Control and MG-132 drug-pretreated Hy-A549 cells were subjected to capsaicin-treatment for 24 h and then were examined for expression of HIF-1α/VEGF by Western blotting. α-Actin/GAPDH was used as internal loading control. Values are mean ±SEM of three independent experiments in each case or representative of typical experiment.</p