Infection efficiency (A) and relative fluorescent intensity (B) from flow-cytometric analysis of corneal epithelial cells infected with unmodified Ad or chitosan-modified Ad at different ratios at 1000 Ad particles/cell in the absence or presence of neutralizing antibody.

<p>Each point represents the mean ± S.D. (n = 3). *P<0.05 (Student's t-test).</p

Comparison of different reaction amounts of GMBS and chitosan-SH to yield different Ad/GMBS/ChiSH ratios.

<p>Comparison of different reaction amounts of GMBS and chitosan-SH to yield different Ad/GMBS/ChiSH ratios.</p

Infection efficiencies from flow-cytometric analysis of corneal epithelial cells infected at a MOI of 200, 1000 or 5000 Ad particles/cell with unmodified Ad or chitosan-modified Ad at varying ratios.

<p>Each point represents the mean ± S.D. (n = 3).</p

Fluorescence photomicrographs of primary cultured corneal epithelial cells infected with unmodified Ad (A)–(D), Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶1∶7 (E)–(H), Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶1∶70 (I)–(L), Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶1∶700 (M)–(P), Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶10∶7 (Q)–(T), Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶10∶70 (U)–(X) and Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶10∶700 (Y)–(AB) at 1000 Ad particles/cell in the absence or presence of neutralizing antibody.

<p>Magnification = 100×.</p

Fluorescence photomicrographs of primary cultured corneal epithelial cells.

<p>Primary cultured corneal epithelial cells infected by unmodified Ad (A)–(C) or chitosan-modified Ad at Ad∶GMBS∶ChiSH ratios of 1∶1∶7 (D)–(F), 1∶10∶7 (G)–(I), and 1∶100∶7 (J)–(L). Magnification = 100×.</p

Variations of chitosan-modified Ad at different Ad∶GMBS and Ad∶GMBS∶ChiSH ratios.

<p>For size, each point represents the particle number mean ± S.E.M. For zeta potential, each point represents the mean of zeta potential ± S.E.M (n = 100).</p

Phase contrast and fluorescence photomicrographs, respectively, of primary cultured corneal epithelial cells infected with Ad-GMBS at a ratio of 1∶100 (A), (E); Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶100∶7 (B), (F); Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶100∶70 (C), (G); and Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶100∶700 (D), (H) at 1000 Ad particles/cell.

<p>Magnification = 100×. Infection efficiency (I) and relative fluorescence intensity (J) from flow-cytometric analysis of corneal epithelial cells infected with Ad, Ad-GMBS at a ratio of 1∶100, Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶100∶7, Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶100∶70 and Ad-GMBS-ChiSH at a ratio of 1∶100∶700 at 1000 Ad particles/cell. Each point represents the mean ± S.D. (n = 3). **P<0.001 (Student's t-test).</p

Schematic diagram of covalently modified Ad and chitosan with GMBS and 2-iminothiolane, respectively.

<p>Schematic diagram of covalently modified Ad and chitosan with GMBS and 2-iminothiolane, respectively.</p

Transmission electron photomicrographs of unmodified Ad (A) and chitosan-modified Ad at Ad∶GMBS∶ChiSH ratios of 1∶1∶7 (B), 1∶10∶7 (C), and 1∶100∶7 (D).

<p>Magnification = 80,000×. Scale bar = 100 nm.</p