Proizvodne karakteristike i telesne mere koza alpske rase gajenih na malim porodičnim gazdinstvima u centalnoj Srbiji

The purpose of this study was to evaluate present level of productivity and determine linear body traits of Alpine goats raised in Serbia on smallholder farms. Data were collected from 22 smallholder farms located in Belgrade district, with total of 330 purebred Alpine does 2-9 years of age, 145 yearling does and 476 kids. Traits measured were: body weight of does, body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and at weaning (90-120 days), prolificacy of mature and yearling (primiparous) does, six linear body traits of does (wither height, body length, hearth girth, chest depth, chest width, pelvic width) and milk production (milk yield, milk fat and milk protein content). The analysis showed the average body weight of does to be 54.96 kg, while the average body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and weaning was 2.73 kg, 8.7 kg and 18.3 kg., respectively. Prolificacy was 144% in mature and 125% in yearling does. Measurements of linear body traits were: wither height 67.87 cm, body length 71.92 cm, hearth girth 81.79 cm, chest depth 32.93, chest width 21.49 cm and pelvic width 17.63 cm. Among dairy production traits, following results were obtained: lactation length 220.73 days, total milk yield 531.66 kg, milk fat content 3.33% and milk protein content 3.16%. It was concluded that the overall productivity of Alpine goats raised under smallholder production systems in Serbia is satisfying. Giving the fact that these animals are usually kept under poor conditions, many of these productive traits are very good.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se proceni postojeći nivo produktivnosti i da se utvrde vrednosti linearnih telesnih mera koza alpske rase koje se gaje u Srbiji kod individualnih poljoprivrednih proizvođača. U ispitivanje su uključena 22 poljoprivredna gazdinstva locirana u beogradskom okrugu, sa ukupno 330 koza alpske rase uzrasta 2-9 godina, 145 prvojarenica i 476 jaradi. Analizirane su sledeće osobine: telesna masa koza, telesna masa jaradi na rođenju, sa 30 dana uzrasta i pri odlučenju (90-120 dana), plodnost odraslih koza i prvojarenica, linearne telesne mere (visina grebena, dužina trupa, obim grudi, dubina grudi, širina grudi, širina karlice) i osobine mlečnosti (dužina laktacije, količina mleka za laktaciju, sadržaj mlečne masti i proteina). Prosečne vrednosti telesne mase i plodosti ispitivanih kategorija bile su: telesna masa koza 54,96 kg, telesna masa jaradi na rođenju 2,73 kg, telesna masa jaradi sa 30 dana 8,7 kg i telesna masa jaradi pri odlučenju 18,3 kg, plodnost odraslih koza 144%, plodnost prvojarenica 125%. Utvrđene su sledeće vrednosti telesnih mera: visina grebena 67,87 cm, dužina trupa 71,92 cm, obim grudi 81,79, dubina grudi 32,93 cm, širina grudi 21,49 cm i širina karlice 17,63 cm. Prosečna laktacijska mlečnost je iznosila 531,66 kg mleka u laktaciji od 221 dan, sa 3,33% mlečne masti i 3,16% proteina. Na osnovu utvrđenih rezultata i poređenjem sa rezultatima drugih autora zaključeno je da je produktivnost koza alpske rase gajenih na malim poljoprivrednim gazdinstvima zadovoljavajući. Plodnost koza je na nešto nižem nivou, kao i porođajne mase jaradi. Međutim, ako se ima u vidu da su uslovi gajenja ovih životinja često veoma skromni, mnoge od ovih proizvodnih osobina su veoma dobre. Prostora za poboljšanje ima, ali uz veća ulaganja koja uslovljavaju i veću cenu proizvodnje. Ipak, uz nepostojanje organizovanog i zagarantovanog otkupa mleka koza, kao ni zaštitnih cena mleka, što bi proizvođačima pružilo neku sigurnost u proizvodnji, sva veća ulaganja u ovom trenutku ne bi bila isplativa

First Report of Leek yellow stripe virus in Leek in Serbia

Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), one of the most important and widespread viruses of leek and garlic worldwide, is endemic in various countries of the Mediterranean basin (Katis et al. 2012). During an October 2013 survey for the presence of Allium viruses in Serbia, commercially grown leek (Allium porrum) plants with virus-like symptoms were observed in Padinska Skela (City of Belgrade District). Initially, the leaf symptoms included irregular chlorotic to light yellow dashes, particularly on the bases of leaves. The lesions later enlarged and coalesced, resulting in large, yellow stripes and the infected leaves turned yellow and flaccid, followed by die-back. Disease incidence in the leek field was estimated at 20%. A total of 15 symptomatic plants were sampled and tested by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA test using commercial polyclonal antisera (Bioreba AG, Reinach, Switzerland) for the most important Allium viruses: LYSV, Garlic common latent virus, Onion yellow dwarf virus, and Iris yellow spot virus (Pappu et al. 2005, Katis et al. 2012). Commercial positive and negative controls and extracts from healthy leek leaves were included in each ELISA. All 15 tested leek samples were positive for LYSV and negative for the rest of tested viruses. Five carborundum-dusted plants of each Chenopodium quinoa and A. porrum ‘Varna’ were mechanically inoculated with sap prepared from ELISA-positive sample (277-13) using 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7). Chlorotic local lesions on C. quinoa and streak mosaic on A. porrum ‘Varna’ were observed 5 and 16 days postinoculation, respectively, on all inoculated plants. Serological results were verified with reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Total RNAs from all naturally and mechanically infected leek plants were extracted using the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). RT-PCR was performed using One-Step RT-PCR Kit (Qiagen) and specific primer pair 1LYSV and 2LYSV (Fajardo et al. 2001). An approximately 1000-bp fragment corresponding to the part of nuclear inclusion B (NIb) and coat protein (CP) coding region was obtained from all 20 naturally and mechanically infected leek plants, while no amplicon was recorded in the healthy and water controls. RT-PCR product obtained from one selected isolate (277-13) was purified using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen), sequenced directly in both directions using the same primers as for amplification, and submitted to the GenBank (Accession No. KR075504). Sequence analysis, conducted by MEGA5 software (Tamura et al. 2011), revealed that the leek isolate from Serbia showed the highest nucleotide identity of 94.8% (94.6% amino acid identity) with the sequence of LYSV isolate from leek (X89711). To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of leek with LYSV in Serbia. Leek is an important and traditionally grown vegetable crop in Serbia and the presence of LYSV could cause considerable damage and severe yield losses, resulting in significant economic impact on leek production

Productive characteristics and body measurements of alpine goats raised under smallholder production systems in central Serbia

The purpose of this study was to evaluate present level of productivity and determine linear body traits of Alpine goats raised in Serbia on smallholder farms. Data were collected from 22 smallholder farms located in Belgrade district, with total of 330 purebred Alpine does 2-9 years of age, 145 yearling does and 476 kids. Traits measured were: body weight of does, body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and at weaning (90-120 days), prolificacy of mature and yearling (primiparous) does, six linear body traits of does (wither height, body length, hearth girth, chest depth, chest width, pelvic width) and milk production (milk yield, milk fat and milk protein content). The analysis showed the average body weight of does to be 54.96 kg, while the average body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and weaning was 2.73 kg, 8.7 kg and 18.3 kg., respectively. Prolificacy was 144% in mature and 125% in yearling does. Measurements of linear body traits were: wither height 67.87 cm, body length 71.92 cm, hearth girth 81.79 cm, chest depth 32.93, chest width 21.49 cm and pelvic width 17.63 cm. Among dairy production traits, following results were obtained: lactation length 220.73 days, total milk yield 531.66 kg, milk fat content 3.33% and milk protein content 3.16%. It was concluded that the overall productivity of Alpine goats raised under smallholder production systems in Serbia is satisfying. Giving the fact that these animals are usually kept under poor conditions, many of these productive traits are very good