Runway paving: taking a different approach

Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) paving of airport runways mostly requires multiple paving teams, multiple pavers, and a wide array of other equipment. The runway paving projects are typically renowned for the logistical effort and the tight margins for overruns, often requiring a relatively large part of the contractor’s resources. Due to the nature of airport operations the projects are of a fast-track nature and planned meticulously. The large-scale nature of the projects raise the attention of the media and contractors often use them as showcases. Although their project characteristics are well known and often appeal to the imagination, the projects have little attention in scientific journals from a process and operations management perspective. We present research ideas on operational matters, process and quality control issues relevant for runway HMA paving construction. It builds on our research experience in the area of highway asphalt paving. We describe the current state of the asphalt paving process and provide a brief overview of the sparse publications in the area. Based on a limited oral inquiry amongst Dutch experts – we present a first list of issues typical for runway asphalt paving operations. We hone in on variability encountered during HMA paving operations and operational strategies necessary for consistent paving and compaction. Lastly, we present technologies and approaches to improve the operational control and subsequent quality consistency during runway HMA paving operations

Monitoring Hot Mix Asphalt Temperature to Improve Homogeneity and Pavement Quality

This paper describes how controlled compaction practices lead to better quality asphalt. Therefore, it is important that during compaction operations the mixture is at a suitable temperature in order to achieve the specified degree of compaction. The University of Twente’s Asphalt Paving Research and Innovation unit’s main aim is to professionalize the road construction industry. One of the focus research issues is developing a deeper understanding of the Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) cooling process and the variation in the mix temperature during compaction and laydown operations. Temperature measurement has become easier over the last decade due to the development of new infrared cameras, line scanners and sensors. The authors used this new technology to study asphalt temperature characteristics on test sections constructed in 2007 and 2008. It provided several insights into the cooling and variation in temperature of some asphalt mixtures used in The Netherlands. This paper presents and discusses the temperature measuring equipment used and the techniques applied to analyze and visualize the temperature data. The trials show that asphalt surface temperature is a good indicator of temperature homogeneity and process control. Also, that contractors will pay more attention to enhanced integration of HMA temperature as operational parameter in the compaction process given that the measurement technology is now easily within their reach. In the future, the authors expect a revival of research into cooling processes of HMA

Professionalisering van de wegenbouw – Het effect van de verdichtingstemperatuur op kwaliteitsparameters en de consequenties voor wegenbouwprocessen

Als respons op velerlei veranderingen in de wegenbouw is het netwerk ASPARi gericht op de professionalisering van de sector. In ASPARi-verband is bij Ooms Nederland Holding bv onderzoek verricht naar het effect van de temperatuur waarbij een asfaltmengsel verdicht wordt op de uiteindelijk functionele mechanische eigenschappen. Deze relatie is van belang voor het ‘verdichtingsvenster’: De temperaturen waarbinnen idealiter de verdichting plaatsvindt. Dat de temperatuur van het asfaltmengsel en de verdichtingsprocedure belangrijk zijn voor de eindkwaliteit van de asfaltverharding is al langer algemeen bekend. Traditioneel wordt zo’n verdichtingvenster gebaseerd op de viscositeit in een temperatuurbereik en de dichtheid die bij een gegeven viscositeit behaald kan worden. De uitkomsten van dit onderzoek laten zien dat het verstandig is om te werken met verdichtingsvensters en deze te bepalen aan de hand van beoogde mechanische \ud eigenschappen van de asfaltverharding. Verder blijkt dat de temperatuur waarop een asfaltmengsel verdicht wordt, sterk van belang is voor de eindkwaliteit van de asfaltverharding. Verdichten buiten het temperatuurvenster kan een vermindering van de eindkwaliteit tot gevolg hebben, en dus levensduurverkorting. Een kortere levensduur en eerdere schades aan het wegdek leiden tot reparatie, extra kosten, verminderde beschikbaarheid en mogelijk discussie over de garantie en dus financiële afrekening van het werk. Daarom wordt in deze paper voorgesteld het klassieke principe aan te scherpen. Hierbij wordt voorgesteld het verdichtingsvenster niet alleen aan de hand van de \ud streefdichtheid vast te stellen, maar ook aan de hand van de beoogde mechanische eigenschappen die uiteindelijk behaald moeten worden. In lijn daarmee zijn vervolgstappen richting professionalisering wenselijk en noodzakelijk om de eindkwaliteit verder te kunnen verbeteren en om tijdens het proces tijdig te kunnen bijsturen. Deze paper geeft daartoe aanleiding en aanwijzingen.\u

The toxbox: specific DNA sequence requirements for activation of Vibrio cholerae virulence genes by ToxT

The Gram-negative, curved rod Vibrio cholerae causes the severe diarrhoeal disease cholera. The two major virulence factors produced by V. cholerae during infection are the cholera toxin (CT) and the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP). Transcription of the genes encoding both CT and the components of the TCP is directly activated by ToxT, a transcription factor in the AraC/XylS family. ToxT binds upstream of the ctxAB genes, encoding CT, and upstream of tcpA , the first gene in a large operon encoding the components of the TCP. The DNA sequences upstream of ctxAB and tcpA that contain ToxT binding sites do not have any significant similarity other than being AT-rich. Extensive site-directed mutagenesis was performed on the region upstream of tcpA previously shown to be protected by ToxT, and we identified specific base pairs important for activation of tcpA transcription by ToxT. This genetic approach was complemented by copper-phenanthroline footprinting experiments that showed protection by ToxT of the base pairs identified as most important for transcription activation in the mutagenesis experiments. Based on this new information and on previous work, we propose the presence of a ToxT-binding motif – the ‘toxbox’– in promoters regulated by ToxT. At tcpA , two toxbox elements are present in a direct repeat configuration and both are required for activation of transcription by ToxT. The identity of only a few of the base pairs within the toxbox is important for activation by ToxT, and we term these the core toxbox elements. Lastly, we examined ToxT binding to a mutant having 5 bp inserted between the two toxboxes at tcpA and found that occupancy of both binding sites is retained regardless of the positions of the binding sites relative to each other on the face of the DNA. This suggests that ToxT binds independently as a monomer to each toxbox in the tcpA direct repeat, in accordance with what we observed previously with the inverted repeat ToxT sites between acfA and acfD .Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75755/1/j.1365-2958.2006.05053.x.pd

Drum vortons in high density QCD

Recently it was shown that high density QCD supports of number of topological defects. In particular, there are U(1)_Y strings that arise due to K^0 condensation that occurs when the strange quark mass is relatively large. The unique feature of these strings is that they possess a nonzero K^+ condensate that is trapped on the core. In the following we will show that these strings (with nontrivial core structure) can form closed loops with conserved charge and currents trapped on the string worldsheet. The presence of conserved charges allows these topological defects, called vortons, to carry angular momentum, which makes them classically stable objects. We also give arguments demonstrating that vortons carry angular momentum very efficiently (in terms of energy per unit angular momentum) such that they might be the important degrees of freedom in the cores of neutron stars.Comment: 11 pages, accepted for publication in Physical Review

The nucleon's strange electromagnetic and scalar matrix elements

Quenched lattice QCD simulations and quenched chiral perturbation theory are used together for this study of strangeness in the nucleon. Dependences of the matrix elements on strange quark mass, valence quark mass and momentum transfer are discussed in both the lattice and chiral frameworks. The combined results of this study are in good agreement with existing experimental data and predictions are made for upcoming experiments. Possible future refinements of the theoretical method are suggested.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure

Large scale numerical investigation of excited states in poly(phenylene)

A density matrix renormalisation group scheme is developed, allowing for the first time essentially exact numerical solutions for the important excited states of a realistic semi-empirical model for oligo-phenylenes. By monitoring the evolution of the energies with chain length and comparing them to the experimental absorption peaks of oligomers and thin films, we assign the four characteristic absorption peaks of phenyl-based polymers. We also determine the position and nature of the nonlinear optical states in this model.Comment: RevTeX, 10 pages, 4 eps figures included using eps