Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

This monograph deals with coriander as a medicinal, aromatic and spice plant. It has an extensive application in traditional and modern medicine worldwide, as well as in quotidian nutrition as a vegetable and spice. In this monograph, we get familiar with the name of the plant, origin and history. We acquaint about morphological characteristics of coriander plant. In this work, the new classification of coriander is shown. The monograph is a detailed analysis of the essential oil content, which is responsible for the specific smell of coriander. The essential oil is actually a mixture of volatile compounds, whose composition is completely different in green plants and mature fruit. This is the result of different chemical compositions, to which special attention has been paid. The study includes factors that affect the quantity and composition of the essential oil. In addition to the essential oil, an overview of the other compounds present in the plant is provided. This includes fatty oil, which is significantly higher than essential in mature fruit, and it is an important source of petroselinic acid. This monograph deals with the analysis of agro-ecological growing conditions of the plant, the phenological stages and the need for heat, humidity and light throughout the development cycle. As the cultivated plant is exclusively used as raw material, this monograph describes in detail the growing practices of coriander, in which the emphasis is on crop rotation, tillage and fertilization in both conventional and organic cropping system. Since coriander reproduces exclusively by direct sowing, the time of sowing, sowing rate as well as the quality of seed (germination energy and total germination) is analyzed. Apart from this, the possibilities of intercropping coriander with other herbs are analyzed as well. Crop diseases and pests take up an important part in this monograph. Harvest, yield and post harvest processing are also subject, as well as the calculation of production costs. The monograph presents the author’s results in addition to the results of a number of researchers who have studied all aspects of the plant.U ovoj monografiji prikazan je korijandar kao lekovita, aromatična i začinska biljka, koja širom sveta ima široku primenu ne samo u tradicionalnoj i modernoj medicini već i u svakodnevnoj ishrani kao začin i povrće. U monografiji su date informacije o imenu biljke, poreklu i istoriji, kao i o njenim morfološkim karakteristikama. Data je i sistematika koja se zasniva na morfološkim karakteristikama i karakteristikama etarskog ulja iz plodova korijandra. U monografiji je detaljno analiziran sadržaj etarskog ulja koje je odgovorno za specifičan miris korijandra. Etarsko ulje je, u stvari, smeša lako isparljivih jedinjenja, čiji sastav je drugačiji kod zelene biljke i zrelog ploda, što je posledica drugačijeg hemijskog sastava, kome je posvećena posebna pažnja. Obrađeni su i faktori koji utiču na količinu i sastav etarskog ulja. Pored etarskog ulja, dat je prikaz i drugih jedinjenja prisutnih u ovoj biljci kao što je masno ulje, kojeg ima značajno više od etarskog, i značajan je izvor petroselinske kiseline. Monografija se bavi i analizom agroekoloških uslova uspevanja ove biljke, i fenološkim fazama, ali i potrebama za toplotom, vlagom i svetlošću kroz razvojni ciklus. Kako se kao sirovina isključivo koristi gajena biljka, u ovoj monografiji je detaljno opisano gajenje korijandra, pri čemu je naročita pažnja posvećena plodoredu, obradi zemljišta i đubrenju kako u konvencionalnom tako i u organskom sistemu ratarenja. Pošto se korijandar razmnožava isključivo direktnom setvom, analizirani su vreme setve, setvena norma i kvalitet semenskog materijala (energija klijanja i ukupna klijavost), kao i mogućnosti združivanja korijandra sa drugim biljkama. Nega useva, bolesti i štetočine zauzimaju značajno mesto u ovoj monografiji. Žetva, prinos i prerada takođe su tema, kao i kalkulacija proizvodnje. U monografiji su prikazani autorski rezultati, kao i rezultati većeg broja istraživača koji su proučavali sve aspekte korijandra, tako da ova monografija može da pruži značajne informacije o ovoj biljci drugim naučnicima

Proizvodnja i prerada lekovitih i aromatičnih biljaka u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo

Lekovito i aromatično bilje se vekovima upotrebljava u narodnoj medicini. Međutim kako je poslednjih godina sve je više izražen trend upotrebe ovih biljaka u svakodnevnoj ishrani, ali i kao vid prevencije ili alternativnog lečenja, ili čak kao dopuna konvencionalnim metodama lečenja, to vlada veliko interesovanje poljoprivrednih proizvodača ne samo za gajenje, nego i za primarnu preradu lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja, jer dobijeni materijal, kao poluproizvod ili gotov proizvod postiže značajno veću cenu na tržištu u poređenju sa sirovinom

Caraway (Carum carvi L.)

This monograph deals with caraway as a medicinal and aromatic plant, a favored spice throughout Europe, especially in meat products and pastries, as well as traditional remedy for digestion disorders. During the last few years, it was established that caraway has great potential especially in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as a dietary supplement in everyday nutrition in order to prevent many diseases. In this monograph, we get familiar with the morphological characteristics of caraway plant and fruit. The fruit, which is the main part of the plant, is rich in essential oil. Special attention was paid to its chemical composition, as well as the factors that influence it. The dominant volatile compounds are carvone and limonene, and their ratio influences fruit quality. This monograph deals with the analysis of agro-ecological growing conditions for the plant, the phenological stages and the need for heat, humidity and light throughout the development cycle of annual caraway plants. The author describes in detail the growing practices for annual caraway, in which the emphasis is on crop rotation, tillage and fertilization in both conventional and organic cropping system. Since caraway reproduces exclusively by direct sowing, the time of sowing, sowing rate as well as the quality of seed (germination energy and total germination) is analyzed. Cultivation technique, harvest, yield and postharvest processing are also one of the topics. The monograph presents cumin as well, which is also called Indian caraway or jeera. Cumin fruit resembles caraway fruit, so these two species are often mistaken for one another. Fruits of cumin are also rich in essential oil, with cuminaldehyde as the main compound. They have a pungent odor which gives the typical fragrance in Indian cuisine. The monograph presents the authors results in addition to the results of a number of researchers who have studied these plants, so it provides a synthesis of the current knowledge of caraway and cumin, and is an important literary source for other scientists, but also those who want to learn more about these plants.U ovoj monografiji prikazan je kim kao lekovita i aromatična biljka, koja je širom Evrope omiljeni začin, posebno u mesnim prerađevinama i pecivima, kao i tradicionalni lek kod poremećenog varenja. Poslednjih godina naučno je potvrđeno da kim ima veliki potencijal posebno u farmaceutskoj industriji, i kao dijetetski suplement u svakodnevnoj ishrani u cilju prevencije mnogih bolesti. U monografiji su date detaljne informacije o morfološkim karakteristikama biljke i ploda. Kako se kod kima prvenstveno koristi plod, bogat etarskim uljem, posebna pažnja je posvećena njegovom hemijskom sastavu, kao i faktorima koji ga uslovljavaju. Dominantne komponente etarskog ulja kima su karvon i limonen, a njihov odnos određuje kvalitet plodova. Monografija se bavi i analizom agroekoloških uslova uspevanja ove biljke i fenološkim fazama, ali i potrebama za toplotom, vlagom i osunčanošću tokom razvojnog ciklusa jednogodišnjeg kima. Autorka detaljno opisuje gajenje jednogodišnjeg kima, pri čemu je naročita pažnja posvećena plodoredu, obradi zemljišta i đubrenju kako u konvencionalnom tako i u organskom sistemu ratarenja. Pošto se kim razmnožava isključivo direktnom setvom, analizirani su: vreme setve, setvena norma i kvalitet semenskog materijala (energija klijanja i ukupna klijavost). Nega useva i žetva, prinos i prerada ove biljke takođe su tema monografije. U monografiji je prikazan i kumin, koji se naziva još i indijski kim ili đira. Plod ove biljke po izgledu je vrlo sličan evropskom kimu, te se ove dve vrste često mešaju. Plodovi kumina su takođe bogati etarskim uljem, ali u njemu dominira kuminaldehid, koji daje oštar miris karakterističan za indijsku kuhinju. U ovoj monografiji su prikazani autorski rezultati, kao i rezultati većeg broja istraživača koji su proučavali ove biljke, tako da monografija predstavlja sintezu dosadašnjih saznanja o kimu i kuminu, i samim tim je značajan literaturni izvor za druge naučnike, kao i za one koji žele da saznaju više o ovoj temi

Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)

This monograph deals with anise as a medicinal and aromatic plant. It has an extensive application in traditional medicine as a remedy for indigestion, as a sedative and as natural estrogen. By using a modern scientific method its benefits are confirmed. Anise is a plant often used in medicine too, as well as in food industry, especially in beverage industry. In this monograph, we get familiar with morphological characteristics of anise plant and fruit. The fruit, which is the main part of the plant, is rich in essential oil. Special attention was paid to its chemical composition, as well as the factors that influence it. The dominant volatile component is trans-anethole that gives off the pleasant, aromatic odour. This monograph deals with the analysis of agro-ecological growing conditions for the plant, the phenological stages and the need for heat, humidity and light throughout the development cycle. This author describes in detail the growing practices for anise, in which the emphasis is on crop rotation, tillage and fertilization in both conventional and organic cropping system. Since anise reproduces exclusively by direct sowing, the time of sowing, sowing rate as well as the quality of seed (germination energy and total germination) is analyzed. Cultivation technique, harvest, yield and postharvest processing are also a subject, as well as the calculation of production costs. The monograph presents star anise as well, which grows as an evergreen tree in China, whose fruit has a very characteristic shape and is also rich in trans-anethole and often used in the same way as anise. The monograph presents the author’s results in addition to the results of a number of researchers who have studied all aspects of the plant, so it provides a synthesis of the current knowledge of anise and is an important literary source for other scientists, but also those who want to learn more about this plant.U ovoj monografiji prikazan je anis kao lekovita i aromatična biljka, koja se širom sveta koristi kao tradicionalni lek kod poremećenog varenja, za smirenje i kao prirodni estrogen. Savremenim naučnim metodama potvrđena su mnogobrojna blagotvorna dejstva anisa, te je on često korišćena biljka i u modernoj medicini, kao i u prehrambenoj industriji, posebno u proizvodnji alkoholnih pića. U monografiji su date detaljne informacije o morfološkim karakteristikama biljke i ploda. Kako se kod ove biljke pretežno koristi plod, koji je bogat etarskim uljem, posebna pažnja je posvećena njegovom hemijskom sastavu, kao i faktorima koji utiču na njega. Dominantna isparljiva komponenta etarskog ulja je trans-anetol koji uslovljava prijatan, aromatičan miris. Monografija se bavi i analizom agroekoloških uslova uspevanja ove biljke, i fenološkim fazama, ali i potrebama za toplotom, vlagom i osunčanošću tokom razvojnog ciklusa. Autorka detaljno opisuje gajenje anisa, pri čemu je naročita pažnja posvećena plodoredu, obradi zemljišta i đubrenju kako u konvencionalnom tako i u organskom sistemu ratarenja. Pošto se anis razmnožava isključivo direktnom setvom, analizirani su vreme setve, setvena norma i kvalitet semenskog materijala (energija klijanja i ukupna klijavost). Nega useva i žetva, prinos i prerada i kalkulacija proizvodnje ove biljke takođe su tema monografije. U monografiji je prikazan i zvezdasti anis, koji raste kao zimzeleno drvo u Kini, a čiji su plodovi vrlo karakterističnog oblika, i takođe bogati trans-anetolom, te se često koriste na isti način kao i anis. U radu su prikazani autorski rezultati, kao i rezultati većeg broja istraživača koji su proučavali ovu biljku, tako da ova monografija predstavlja sintezu dosadašnjih saznanja o anisu, i samim tim je značajan literaturni izvor za druge naučnike, kao i za one koji žele da saznaju više o ovoj temi

Medonosni i hortikulturni potencijal lekovitog bija

Mnoge biljke osim što su lekovitie često su i vrlo dekorativne, a takođe i privlače veliki broj korisnih insekata, među kojima su posebno značajne pčele. Upravo to daje dodatnu vrednost lekovitom bilju sa aspekta hortikulture i pčelarstva. U ovom radu dat je prikaz najznačajnijih lekovitih biljaka koje se gaje plantažno, za industrijsku preradu (čaj, etarsko ulje, ekstrakti). U ovim plantažama često se mogu videti košnice. Sve ove biljke su vrlo popularne kao dekorativne u parkovima i baštama.This paper gives an overview of the most important medicinal plants used for industrial processing (tea, essential oils, extracts) and decorative purposes in parks and gardens. Their use as honey-bearing plants is also indicated

Hemijski sastav etarskog ulja Dragocephalum moldavica L. iz Vojvodine (Srbija)

Dracocephalum moldavica L., also called Moldavian balm or Moldavian dragonhead, is native to temperate climate of Asia, but it was naturalized in Eastern and Central Europe, North Africa, China and northeastern United States. This is an annual plant, with numerous stems (up to 6), 22-45 cm high, and blue flowers arranged in pseudo-whorls growing in leaf axils. Essential oil accumulates in exogenous oil-containing cells at the dorsal sides of the leaves, and in the inflorescence. Because of this, the entire plant has a citrus-like flavor, resembling that of lemon balm and catnip. This plant is extensively used as a spice and for composition of tea blends, in food aromatization (canned fish, jams, candies, syrups), perfumery, alcohol industry, soaps and detergents. Dracocephalum moldavica from Vojvodina Province, Serbia contains geranial (29.6%), geranyl acetate (27.2%) and neral (19.4%) as the most abundant compounds. Further investigations will be focused on the influence of weather conditions on essential oil composition, as well as on bioactive potential of this essential oil.Biljka Dracocephalum moldavica L., poznata je kao Moldavska melisa ili Moldavska zmajeglavka. Poreklom je iz umerenog klimata Azije, ali je naturalizovana u Istočnoj i Centralnoj Evropi, Severnoj Africi, Kini i severo-istočnom delu SAD. Iz korena ove jednogodišnje biljke izbija veći broj stabljika (do 6), koje su 22-45 cm visine, sa plavim cvetovima raspoređenim u lažnim pršljenastim cvastima u pazusima listova. Etarsko ulje se akumulira u egzogenim uljanim ćelijama sa donje strane listova i u cvetovima. Zbog etarskog ulja koje ima citrusnu notu ova biljka podseća na matičnjak i macinu travu. Biljka se intenzivno koristi kao začin i kao dodatak čajnim mešavinama, za aromatizaciju hrane (konzervirana riba, džemovi, slatkiši, sirupi), parfimeriji, alkoholnoj industriji, proizvodnji sapuna i deterdženata. Etarsko ulje D. moldavica iz AP Vojvodine, Srbije sadrži geranial (29,6%), geranil-acetat (27,2%) i neral (19,4%) kao najzastupljenije komponente. Dalja istraživanja biće usmerena na uticaj vremenskih uslova na sastav etarskog ulja, kao i na njegov biološki potencija

Phyto-pharmacological aspects of Nepeta nuda L.: A systematic review

Nepeta nuda L. (syn. N. pannonica L.) is a herbaceous perennial plant that is the most widespread species of the genus Nepeta, the largest genera in Lamiaceae family. N. nuda is divided into four subspecies according to morphological differences which occur within large geographical range of distribution: subsp. nuda, subsp. albiflora, subsp. lydiae, and subsp. glandulifera. In this review, previous reports on N. nuda concerning its botanical description and systematics, phytochemistry, use in traditional medicine, pharmacology, and posibilities for other applications were summarized. All of these data indicate N. nuda as a highly promising species for application in food and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in agriculture for the development of natural pesticides

Possibilities for use of caraway, aniseed and coriander in organic farming

Biljke iz fam Apiaceae sadrže etarska ulja, a njihovi cvetovi su bogati i polenom i nektarom, što ih čini odličnom pašom za pčele, ali su privlačni i za veliki broj drugih korisnih insekata kao što su predatori i parazitoidi štetočina. Zbog toga se ove biljke gaje oko useva kao zaštitni pojas ili čak združeno sa drugim kulturama. Posledica toga je smanjenje brojnosti mnogih štetnih insekatskih vrsta kao što su: Bemisia tabaci, Tuta absoluta i druge. Etarska ulja ovih biljaka deluju insekticidno na skladišne štetočine i na larve komaraca, ali i akaricidno na grinje kućne prašine. Utvrđeno je i nematocidno dejstvo, kao i alelopatsko, što se počelo koristiti i u komercijalne svrhe u organskoj biljnoj proizvodnji. Na primer, u Holandiji je iz kima registrovan preparat na bazi karvona, pod nazivom Tent, koji inhibira klijanje krompira. Etarska ulja iz navedenih biljaka inhibiraju rast gljiva: Alternaria alternata, Penicilium italicum, P digitatum i Botrutis cinerea, što može da se iskoristi za proizvodnju ekološki bezbednih proizvoda u tehnologiji prerade voća i povrća. Takođe, ova ulja imaju i baktericidno dejstvo na Escherichia coli i Bacillus megaterium, što ih čini potencijalnim baktericidima za tretiranje semena u organskoj proizvodnji. Utvrđeno je i virucidno dejstvo.In addition to the fact that plants from family Apiaceae contain essential oils, their flowers are rich in nectar and pollen, which makes them excellent pasture for bees, but they are attractive for a large number of other useful insects such as predators and parasitoids of pests. Therefore, these plants grow around of crops as well as protective girdle, or even combined with other crops. The result is a reduction of many insect pests such as Bemisia tabaci, Tuta absoluta and other. In addition, essential oils of these plants operate insecticide to storage pests and the larvae of mosquitoes and acaricide to house dust mites. In addition to insecticide, was determined and nematocide effect, as well as alleopathic, which was first used for commercial purposes in organic practices. For example, in the Netherlands is registered product based on carvone from caraway called Tent that inhibits sprouting of potatoes. Essential oils from these plants inhibit the growth of fungus: Alternaria alternata, Penicilium italicum, P digitatum and Botrutis cinerea which can be used for the production of environmentally friendly biocides in postharvest technology of fruit and vegetables. Also, these oils have bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium, which makes them potential bactericides for seed treatment in organic production. The virucidal effect of essential oils from Apiaceae plants was found, also

Potencijal celera (Apium graveolens L.) za primenu u organskoj poljoprivredi

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a biannual plant from Apiaceae family with characteristic odor originating from essential oil. In addition to the essential oil, celery is rich in furanocoumarins which cause allergic reactions in sensitive people. However, they are potential phytotoxic compounds for the development of photobioinsecticides, especially Aedes egypti, as well as for the storage pest Tribolium confusum. In addition, celery possesses allelopathic and antimicrobial properties. As an annual plant, celery is grown for its root, leaf stalks and leaves. Although diseases and pests in celery crop are mainly fungal, viruses and bacteria, phytoplasmas, nematodes and leaf miners have also been registered.Celer (Apium graveolens L.) je dvogodišnja biljka iz familije Apiaceae koja ima svojstven aromatični miris koji potiče od etarskog ulja. Pored etarskog ulja celer je bogat i furanokumarinima koji izazivaju alergije kod osetljivih ljudi, ali su i potencijalne komponente za razvoj foto bioinsekticida, posebno u suzbijanju Aedes egypti, ali i skladišne štetočine Tribolium confusum. Takođe, celer poseduje i alelopatske osobine kao i antimikrobne. Iako je botanički dvogodišnja biljka, kao jednogodišnja se gaji za proizvodnju zadebljalog korena, lisnih drški i listova. Bolesti i štetočine koje se javljaju u usevu celera su najčešće gljivične, ali registrovani su i virusi, bakterije, fitoplazma, nematode i lisni mineri

High pressure and ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Santolina chamaecyparissus

The objective of this study was to determine the most adequate process, using a green approach, which ensures maximal exploitation of Santolina chamaecypatissus and attainment of high quality extracts rich in bioactive compounds and with strong antioxidant activity. Two environmentally friendly techniques were applied, supercritical carbon dioxide for isolating volatile compounds and ultrasound-assisted extraction for obtaining extracts rich in polyphenolic compounds