On an exact hydrodynamic solution for the elliptic flow

Looking for the underlying hydrodynamic mechanisms determining the elliptic flow we show that for an expanding relativistic perfect fluid the transverse flow may derive from a solvable hydrodynamic potential, if the entropy is transversally conserved and the corresponding expansion "quasi-stationary", that is mainly governed by the temperature cooling. Exact solutions for the velocity flow coefficients $v_2$ and the temperature dependence of the spatial and momentum anisotropy are obtained and shown to be in agreement with the elliptic flow features of heavy-ion collisions.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

Particle Freeze-out and Discontinuities in Relativistic Hydrodynamics

Freeze-out of particles in relativistic hydrodynamics is considered across a 3-dimensional space-time hypersurface. The conservation laws for time-like parts of the freeze-out hypersurface require different values of temperature, baryonic chemical potential and flow velocity in the fluid and in the final particle spectra. We analyze this freeze-out discontinuity and its connection to the shock-wave phenomena in relativistic hydrodynamics.Comment: 6 figure

Equilibrium Relativistic Mass Distribution for Indistinguishable Events

A manifestly covariant relativistic statistical mechanics of the system of $N$ indistinguishable events with motion in space-time parametrized by an invariant ``historical time'' $\tau$ is considered. The relativistic mass distribution for such a system is obtained from the equilibrium solution of the generalized relativistic Boltzmann equation by integration over angular and hyperbolic angular variables. All the characteristic averages are calculated. Expressions for the pressure and the density of events are found and the relativistic equation of state is obtained. The Galilean limit is considered; the theory is shown to pass over to the usual nonrelativistic statistical mechanics of indistinguishable particles.Comment: TAUP-2115-9

Nonequilibrium effects in hadronic fireball expansion

We consider a spherical volume of hot and dense hadronic matter (fireball) expanding into a vacuum. It is assumed that initially the fireball matter is in local thermal and chemical equilibrium with vanishing collective velocity. The time evolution of the fireball is studied in parallel within the GiBUU transport model and an ideal hydrodynamic model. The equation of state of an ideal hadronic gas is used in the hydrodynamic calculation. The same set of hadronic species is used in transport and fluid-dynamical simulations. Initial coordinates and momenta of hadrons in transport simulations have been randomly generated by using the Fermi and Bose distributions for (anti)baryons and mesons. The model results for radial profiles of densities and collective velocities of different hadronic species are compared at different times. We find that two considered models predict essential differences in time evolution of hadron abundances, which are especially pronounced for hyperonic species. This gives an evidence of a strong deviation from chemical equilibrium in expanding hadronic matter.Comment: 23 pages, 12 figure

Relativistic mass distribution in event-anti-event system and ``realistic'' equation of state for hot hadronic matter

We find the equation of state $p,\rho \propto T^6,$ which gives the value of the sound velocity $c^2=0.20,$ in agreement with the ``realistic'' equation of state for hot hadronic matter suggested by Shuryak, in the framework of a covariant relativistic statistical mechanics of an event--anti-event system with small chemical and mass potentials. The relativistic mass distribution for such a system is obtained and shown to be a good candidate for fitting hadronic resonances, in agreement with the phenomenological models of Hagedorn, Shuryak, {\it et al.} This distribution provides a correction to the value of specific heat 3/2, of the order of 5.5\%, at low temperatures.Comment: 19 pages, report TAUP-2161-9

Resonant Raman Scattering of ZnS, ZnO, and ZnS/ZnO Core/shell quantum dots

Resonant Raman scattering by optical phonon modes as well as their overtones was investigated in ZnS and ZnO quantum dots grown by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique. The in situ formation of ZnS/ZnO core/shell quantum dots was monitored by Raman spectroscopy during laser illumination

Ge/Si Quantum Dots Superlattices Grown at Different Temperatures and Characterized by Raman Spectroscopy and Capacitance Measurements

Ge/Si heterostructures with Ge self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) grown at various temperatures by molecular beam epitaxy were investigated using resonant Raman spectroscopy and capacitance measurements. The occurrence of quantum confinement effects was confirmed by both techniques. For the structures grown at low temperatures (300 − 400 • C), the SAQDs optical phonon wavenumbers decrease as the Raman excitation energy is increased; this is an evidence of the scattering sensitivity to the size of the SAQDs and to the inhomogeneity in their sizes. However, the opposite behavior is observed for the SAQDs grown at higher temperatures, as a consequence of the competition between the phonon localization and internal mechanical stress effects. The E 1 electronic transition of the Ge in the SAQDs was found to be shifted towards higher energies as compared to bulk Ge, due to biaxial compressive stress and to the electronic confinement effect present in the structures. The intermixing of Si atoms in the quantum dots was found to be much more significant for the sample grown at higher temperatures. The capacitance measurements, besides confirming the existence of the dots in these structures, showed that the deepest Ge layers lose their 0D signature as the growth temperature increases

On freeze-out problem in relativistic hydrodynamics

A finite unbound system which is equilibrium in one reference frame is in general nonequilibrium in another frame. This is a consequence of the relative character of the time synchronization in the relativistic physics. This puzzle was a prime motivation of the Cooper--Frye approach to the freeze-out in relativistic hydrodynamics. Solution of the puzzle reveals that the Cooper--Frye recipe is far not a unique phenomenological method that meets requirements of energy-momentum conservation. Alternative freeze-out recipes are considered and discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, references are corrected and updated, to be published in the issue of Phys. Atom. Nucl. dedicated to S.T. Belyaev on the occasion of his birthda

Studies of multiplicity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

In this talk I'll review the present status of charged particle multiplicity measurements from heavy-ion collisions. The characteristic features of multiplicity distributions obtained in Au+Au collisions will be discussed in terms of collision centrality and energy and compared to those of p+p collisions. Multiplicity measurements of d+Au collisions at 200 GeV nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy will also be discussed. The results will be compared to various theoretical models and simple scaling properties of the data will be identified.Comment: "Focus on Multiplicity" Internationsl Workshop on Particle Multiplicity in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions, Bari, Italy, June 17-19, 2003, 16 pages, 15 figure