Relationship between obesity and antipsychotic drug use in the adult population: A longitudinal, retrospective claim database study in Primary Care settings

Antoni Sicras-Mainar1, Ruth Navarro-Artieda2, Javier Rejas-Gutiérrez3, Milagrosa Blanca-Tamayo41Planning Management, Badalona Serveis Assistencials S.A., Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; 2Medical Documentation Service, Hospital Germans Trías i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; 3Health Outcomes Research Derpartment, Medical Unit, Pfizer Spain, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain; 4Department of Psychiatry, Badalona Serveis Assistencials S.A., Badalona, Barcelona, SpainObjective: To describe the association between obesity and the use of antipsychotic drugs (APDs) in adult outpatients followed-up on in five Primary Care settings.Methods: A longitudinal, retrospective design study carried out between July 2004 and June 2005, in patients who were included in a claim database and for whom an APD treatment had been registered. A body mass index (BMI) <30 kg/m2 was defined as obesity. The main measurements were: use of APDs, demographics, medical background and co-morbidities, and clinical parameters. Logistic regression analysis and ANCOVA with Bonferroni adjustment were applied to correct the model.Results: A total of 42,437 subjects (mean age: 50.8 (18.4) years; women: 54.5%; obesity: 27.3% [95% confidence intervals (CI), 26.9%–27.7%]) were analyzed. A total of 1.3% of the patients were receiving APDs, without statistical differences in distribution by type of drug (typical: 48.8%; atypical: 51.2%). Obesity was associated with the use of APDs [OR = 1.5 (CI: 1.3–1.8)], hypertension [OR = 2.4 (CI: 2.2–2.5)], diabetes [OR = 1.4 (CI: 1.3–1.5)] and dyslipidemia [OR = 1.3 (CI: 1.2–1.4)], p < 0.0001 in all cases. BMI was significantly higher in subjects on APDs; 28.8 vs. 27.3 kg/m2, p = 0.002, and remained higher after adjusting by age and sex (mean difference 0.4 (CI: 0.1–0.7), p < 0.01). After adjusting by age, sex and the Charlson index, obese subjects generated higher average annual total costs than nonobese subjects; 811 (CI: 787–835) vs. 694 (CI: 679–709), respectively, p < 0.001.Conclusions: Obesity was associated with the use of APDs, regardless of the type of drug, and with the presence of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Obesity was also associated with substantially higher health care costs.Keywords: Obesity, claim database, retrospective study, antipsychotic use, Primary Care setting, resources utilization, health care cost

Perfil de uso de recursos y costes en pacientes que demandan atención por fibromialgia o trastorno de ansiedad generalizada en el ámbito de la atención primaria de salud

ResumenObjetivodeterminar el perfil de uso de servicios y costes en pacientes que demandan atención por fibromialgia (FM) o trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (TAG) en atención primaria (AP).Diseñoestudio retrospectivo-multicéntrico.Emplazamientocinco centros de AP urbanos, gestionados por Badalona Serveis Assistencials.Participantespacientes mayoresde 18 años atendidos durante 2006. Se formó un grupo de referencia/poblacional con el resto de los pacientes.Principales medicionesgenerales, casuística/comorbilidad, utilización de recursos sanitarios y costes ambulatorios (visitas, procedimientos diagnósticos/terapéuticos y medicamentos). Análisis: regresión logística y ANCOVA.Resultadosse atendió a 63.349 pacientes. El 1,4% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 0,6%–2,2%) presentó FM y el 5,3% (IC del 95%, 4,5%–6,1%), TAG. El promedio de episodios atendidos/año y el de visitas realizadas/año fueron mayores en el grupo de FM que en el de TAG y que en el grupo poblacional (8,3 frente a 7,2 y 4,6 episodios/año; 12,9 frente a 12,1 y 7,4 visitas/año; p<0,001). La FM mostró relación con mujeres (odds ratio [OR]=16,8), dislipemia (OR=1,5) y síndrome depresivo (OR=3,9) (p<0,001), y el TAG, con la edad (OR=1,1), mujeres (OR=2,2), hipertensión arterial (OR=1,3), dislipemia (OR=1,2), fumadores (OR=1,4), síndrome depresivo (OR=1,2) y evento cardiovascular (OR=1,3) (p<0,02). El coste directo medio/anual corregido por edad, sexo y comorbilidades fue de 555,58 euros en el grupo de referencia, 817,37 euros en TAG y 908,67 euros en FM (p<0,001).Conclusioneslos pacientes que requirieron atención por FM o TAG muestran un importante uso de recursos y costes sanitarios en el ámbito de la AP de salud. Los sujetos con TAG se asocian a un elevado número de comorbilidades.AbstractObjectiveTo determine the use of services and costs in patients with Fibromyalgia (FM) or Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) followed up in Primary Care (PC).DesignA retrospective multicenter population-based study.SettingFive primary care clinics managed by Badalona Health Service.ParticipantsPatients over 18 years seen in the 5 PC centers during the year 2006. Patients with and without GAD/FM were compared.MeasurementsMain outcomes measures were general, case/co-morbidity, health care use and primary care cost (visits, diagnostic/therapeutic tests and drugs). Statistical analysis: logistic regression and ANCOVA (P<.05).ResultsThere was a total of 63,349 patients, 1.4% (95% CI, 0.6%–2.2%) had a diagnosis of FM, and 5.3% (95% CI, 4.5%–6.1%) GAD. The average episodes/year and visits /year was higher in FM group compared to GAD group, with a marked difference observed vs. the reference group (8.3 vs. 7.2 and 4.6 episodes/year; and 12.9 vs. 12.1 and 7.4 visits/year; P<.001). FM was shown to be related to female gender (odds ratio [OR]=16.8), dyslipidemia (OR=1.5), and depressive syndrome (OR=3.9) (P<.001 in all cases). GAD was related to age (OR=1.1), female gender (OR=2.2), high blood pressure (OR=1.3), dyslipidemia (OR=1.2), smoking (OR=1.4), depressive syndrome (OR=1.2), and cardiovascular events (OR=1.3) (P<.02 in all cases). After adjusting for age, gender and co-morbidities, mean annual direct ambulatory cost was 555.58€ for the reference group, 817.37€ for GAD, and 908.67€ for FM (P<.001).ConclusionsCompared with reference group, a considerable use of health resources and costs was observed in patients with FM or TAG in medical practice in PC settings

Clinical validity of a population database definition of remission in patients with major depression

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Major depression (MD) is one of the most frequent diagnoses in Primary Care. It is a disabling illness that increases the use of health resources. Aim: To describe the concordance between remission according to clinical assessment and remission obtained from the computerized prescription databases of patients with MD in a Spanish population.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Design: multicenter cross-sectional. The population under study was comprised of people from six primary care facilities, who had a MD episode between January 2003 and March 2007. A specialist in psychiatry assessed a random sample of patient histories and determined whether a certain patient was in remission according to clinical criteria (ICPC-2). Regarding the databases, patients were considered in remission when they did not need further prescriptions of AD for at least 6 months after completing treatment for a new episode. Validity indicators (sensitivity [S], specificity [Sp]) and clinical utility (positive and negative probability ratio [PPR] and [NPR]) were calculated. The concordance index was established using Cohen's kappa coefficient. Significance level was p < 0.05.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>133 patient histories were reviewed. The kappa coefficient was 82.8% (confidence intervals [CI] were 95%: 73.1 - 92.6), PPR 9.8% and NPR 0.1%. Allocation discrepancies between both criteria were found in 11 patients. S was 92.5% (CI was 95%: 88.0 - 96.9%) and Sp was 90.6% (CI was 95%: 85.6 - 95.6%), p < 0.001. Reliability analysis: Cronbach's alpha: 90.6% (CI was 95%: 85.6 - 95.6%).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Results show an acceptable level of concordance between remission obtained from the computerized databases and clinical criteria. The major discrepancies were found in diagnostic accuracy.</p

The Helicobacter pylori Genome Project : insights into H. pylori population structure from analysis of a worldwide collection of complete genomes

Helicobacter pylori, a dominant member of the gastric microbiota, shares co-evolutionary history with humans. This has led to the development of genetically distinct H. pylori subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host and with differential gastric disease risk. Here, we provide insights into H. pylori population structure as a part of the Helicobacter pylori Genome Project (HpGP), a multi-disciplinary initiative aimed at elucidating H. pylori pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets. We collected 1011 well-characterized clinical strains from 50 countries and generated high-quality genome sequences. We analysed core genome diversity and population structure of the HpGP dataset and 255 worldwide reference genomes to outline the ancestral contribution to Eurasian, African, and American populations. We found evidence of substantial contribution of population hpNorthAsia and subpopulation hspUral in Northern European H. pylori. The genomes of H. pylori isolated from northern and southern Indigenous Americans differed in that bacteria isolated in northern Indigenous communities were more similar to North Asian H. pylori while the southern had higher relatedness to hpEastAsia. Notably, we also found a highly clonal yet geographically dispersed North American subpopulation, which is negative for the cag pathogenicity island, and present in 7% of sequenced US genomes. We expect the HpGP dataset and the corresponding strains to become a major asset for H. pylori genomics

Influence of the CYP2D6 isoenzyme in patients treated with venlafaxine for major depressive disorder: clinical and economic consequences.

Antidepressant drugs are the mainstay of drug therapy for sustained remission of symptoms. However, the clinical results are not encouraging. This lack of response could be due, among other causes, to factors that alter the metabolism of the antidepressant drug.to evaluate the impact of concomitant administration of CYP2D6 inhibitors or substrates on the efficacy, tolerability and costs of patients treated with venlafaxine for major depressive disorder in clinical practice.We designed an observational study using the medical records of outpatients. Subjects aged ≥ 18 years who started taking venlafaxine during 2008-2010 were included. Three study groups were considered: no combinations (reference), venlafaxine-substrate, and venlafaxine-inhibitor. The follow-up period was 12 months. The main variables were: demographic data, comorbidity, remission (Hamilton <7), response to treatment, adverse events and costs. The statistical analysis included logistic regression models and ANCOVA, with p values <0.05 considered significant.A total of 1,115 subjects were recruited. The mean age was 61.7 years and 75.1% were female. Approximately 33.3% (95% CI: 30.5 to 36.1) were receiving some kind of drug combination (venlafaxine-substrate: 23.0%, and venlafaxine-inhibitor: 10.3%). Compared with the venlafaxine-substrate and venlafaxine-inhibitor groups, patients not taking concomitant drugs had a better response to therapy (49.1% vs. 39.9% and 34.3%, p<0.01), greater remission of symptoms (59.9% vs. 50.2% and 43.8%, p<0.001), fewer adverse events (1.9% vs. 7.0% and 6.1%, p<0.05) and a lower mean adjusted cost (€2,881.7 vs. €4,963.3 and €7,389.1, p<0.001), respectively. All cost components showed these differences.The patients treated with venlafaxine alone showed a better response to anti-depressant treatment, greater remission of symptoms, a lower incidence of adverse events and lower healthcare costs

Impacto de la morbilidad, uso de recursos y costes en el mantenimiento de la remisión de la depresión mayor en España: estudio longitudinal de ámbito poblacional

ResumenObjetivoDeterminar el impacto de la comorbilidad, el uso de recursos y los costes (sanitarios y en pérdidas de productividad laboral) en el mantenimiento de la remisión de la depresión en un ámbito poblacional español.MétodosDiseño observacional, prospectivo, multicéntrico, realizado con bases de datos poblacionales. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: edad ⩾18 años, inicio del episodio depresivo entre enero de 2003 y marzo de 2007, prescripción de antidepresivos >60 días después de la primera prescripción y duración del seguimiento de 18 meses (estudio: 12 meses; continuación: 6 meses). Se consideraron 2 subgrupos: pacientes en remisión y sin remisión. Las principales mediciones fueron sociodemográficas, episodios, bandas de utilización de recursos, costes sanitarios (directos) y en pérdidas de productividad (indirectos). Se realizó análisis de regresión logística y de análisis de la covarianza (ajuste Bonferroni).ResultadosSe reclutaron 4.572 sujetos. El 54,6% (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 53,2–56,0%) se consideraron en remisión. Los pacientes en remisión mostraron menor edad (52,6 frente a 60,7 años), mayor proporción de mujeres (71,7% frente a 78,2%), más morbilidad general (6,2 frente a 7,7 episodios/año), menos bandas de utilización de recursos/año (2,7 frente a 3,0), menor incapacidad laboral (31,0 frente a 38,5 días) y menor duración del tratamiento antidepresivo (146,6 frente a 307,7 días); p<0,01. Los pacientes sin remisión se asociaban a fibromialgia (odds ratio [OR]=2,5), alteraciones tiroideas (OR=1,3) e hipertensión arterial (OR=1,2); p<0,001. Los costes sanitarios anuales fueron de 706,0€ para los pacientes en remisión frente a 1.108,3€ en aquellos sin remisión (p<0,001), y las pérdidas de productividad fueron de 1.631,5€ y 2.024,2€, respectivamente (p<0,001).ConclusionesLos pacientes sin remisión presentaron mayor morbilidad, uso de recursos, costes sanitarios y especialmente pérdidas de productividad.AbstractObjectiveTo determinate the impact of comorbidity, resource use and cost (healthcare and lost productivity) on maintenance of remission of major depressive disorder in a Spanish population setting.MethodsWe performed an observational, prospective, multicenter study using population databases. The inclusion criteria were age ⩾18 years, first depressive episode between January 2003 and March 2007, with antidepressant prescription >60 days after the first prescription and a follow-up of at least 18 months (study: 12 months; continuation: 6 months). Two subgroups were considered: patients with/without remission. Main measures: sociodemographic data, episodes, resource utilization bands, healthcare costs (direct) and lost productivity (indirect). Logistic regression and analysis of covariance (Bonferroni correction) were used for analysis.ResultsA total of 4,572 patients were analyzed and 54.6% (95% confidence interval: 53.2–56.0%) were considered in remission. Patients in remission were younger (52.6 vs. 60.7), with a lower proportion of women (71.7% vs. 78.2%), and showed less general morbidity (6.2 vs. 7.7 episodes/year), lower resource utilization bands/year (2.7 vs. 3.0), fewer sick leave days (31.0 vs. 38.5) and shorter treatment duration (146.6 vs. 307.7 days); p<0.01. Lack of remission was associated with fibromyalgia (odds ratio [OR]=2.5), thyroid alterations (OR=1.3) and hypertension (OR=1.2); p<0.001. The annual healthcare cost was €706.0 per patient in remission vs. €1,108.3 without remission (p <0.001) and lost productivity was €1,631.5 vs. €2,024.2, respectively (p <0.001).ConclusionsPatients not achieving remission showed higher morbidity, resources use, healthcare costs and, especially, productivity losses

Costes y patrón de uso de servicios en pacientes que demandan atención por problemas mentales en asistencia primaria Patterns of health services use and costs in patients with mental disorders in primary care

Objetivos: Determinar el patrón de uso de servicios y costes en pacientes que demandan atención por problemas mentales (PM) en asistencia primaria en situación de práctica clínica habitual. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 15 años, con al menos una demanda de atención por PM, atendidos por 5 equipos de atención primaria durante el año 2004. Se formó un grupo comparativo con el resto de pacientes sin PM. Las variables fueron: edad, sexo, casuística/comorbilidad, utilización de recursos sanitarios y costes ambulatorios correspondientes (medicamentos, procedimientos diagnósticos y visitas). Se empleó el análisis de regresión logística múltiple y modelos de ANCOVA. Resultados: Se incluyeron 64.072 pacientes, de los cuales 11.128 presentaron algún PM (17,4%; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 16,7-18,1). Los pacientes que demandaron atención por PM presentaron un mayor número de problemas de salud (6,7 frente a 4,7; p < 0,0001) y de utilización de recursos sanitarios, particularmente visitas médicas/paciente/año (10,7 frente a 7,2; p < 0,0001). El coste medio anual en pacientes con PM fue significativamente superior (851,5 frente a 519,2 euros; p < 0,0001) y se mantuvo después de corregir por edad, sexo y comorbilidades, con un coste diferencial de 72,7 euros (IC del 95%, 59,2-85,9). Todos los componentes del coste por paciente fueron mayores en el grupo de pacientes con PM. Conclusiones: Los pacientes que han demandado atención por algún PM presentan un elevado número de comorbilidades y un mayor coste anual por paciente en el ámbito de la atención primaria.<br>Objectives: To determine the pattern of services use and costs of patients requiring care for mental disorders (MD) in primary care in the context of routine clinical practice. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients older than 15 consulting primary care at least once for MD, attended by 5 primary care teams in 2004. A comparative group was formed with the remaining outpatients without MD. The main measurements were age, gender, case-mix/comorbidity and health resource utilization and corresponding outpatient costs (drugs, diagnostic tests and visits). Multiple logistic regression analysis and ANCOVA models were applied. Results: A total of 64,072 patients were assessed, of which 11,128 had some type of MD (17.4%; 95% CI, 16.7-18.1). Patients consulting for MD had a greater number of health problems (6.7 vs. 4.7; p < 0.0001) and higher resource consumption, mainly all-type medical visits/patient/year (10.7 vs. 7.2; p < 0.0001). The mean annual cost per patient was higher for patients with MD (851.5 vs. 519.2 euros; p < 0.0001), and this difference remained significant after adjusting by age, sex and comorbidities, with a differential cost of euros 72.7 (95% CI, 59.2-85.9). All components of outpatient management costs were significantly higher in the MD group. Conclusions: Outpatients seeking care for some type of MD had a high number of comorbidities and showed greater annual cost per patient in the primary care setting

Gross cost model per patient/year according to study groups.

<p>Gross cost model per patient/year according to study groups.</p

Distribution of healthcare and non-healthcare costs according to treatment response in study groups.

<p>Values expressed as means (in Euros).</p