12 research outputs found
Decision Making in Tree Selection Contemplating Conflicting Goals via Marteloscope Exercises
The implementation of biodiversity conservation measures in forests managed for timber production usually implies trade-offs between ecological and economic objectives. In continuous cover forestry these trade-offs emerge at the scale of selecting individual trees for timber harvesting or habitat retention. Tree selection determines both the economic viability of timber management and the prevalence of tree-related microhabitats, considered a multi-taxon indicator of forest biodiversity. Recent studies find that tree selection is influenced by several factors, such as individual management preferences and goals, professional education and institutional context. To gain a deeper understanding of tree-selection practices in the context of retention forestry, we analyse four tree-selection exercises on silvicultural training sites (Marteloscopes) performed by groups with different professional backgrounds: conservationists, foresters, and students of each. Based on qualitative data from participant observations and group discussions, we explore their decision-making strategies, reasoning, and practices. Our analysis provides novel insights into decision-making processes when implementing conservation measures, especially with regard to dealing with trade-offs and uncertainties. Our findings indicate that tree-selection decisions are not merely the result of cognitive and rational weighing processes. They can be understood as practices requiring experience, professional routine, and intuition. These practices differ across professional cultures. Despite these differences, the participants of the analysed Marteloscope exercises developed an understanding of the other stakeholders motivations and restrictions. The setting stimulated a change of perspective that built awareness in many of the participants of their own routines and biases. This may facilitate professional cooperation, cross-disciplinary learning, and the implementation of biodiversity conservation
Das Andere der Ordnung oder wie der StÀdtebau seine Ungewissheit in ein Geschick verwandelt.: Eine Diagnose der Gegenwart stÀdtebaulicher Praktiken in der Deutschschweiz.
Die Geschichte des StĂ€dtebaus ist ursprĂŒnglich eine Geschichte der Ordnung. Es ist die Geschichte eines ordnenden Denkens und einer ordnenden Praxis; eine Geschichte des Anordnens und Typologisierens, des Disziplinierens und Regulierens, des Parzellierens und Klassifizierens, des Abgrenzens und Ausschliessens. SpĂ€testens seit Jane Jacobs »The Death and Life of American Cities« und Robert Venturis »Complexity and Contradiction« wissen wir aber, dass die Geschichte des StĂ€dtebaus auch eine Geschichte des Denkens und Praktizierens jenseits des Ordnungsgedankens ist: eine Geschichte des Anerkennens und Zulassens, des Ăberlagerns und Fragmentierens, des Imaginierens und TĂ€uschens, des Spiegelns und Assoziierens, des Improvisierens und Inszenierens, des Verunsicherns und Verwirrens, des Aneignens und Sinnstiftens.
Dies ist die Diagnose einer StĂ€dtebaukultur, in der das Sowohl-als-Auch das Entweder-Oder ablöst und in der die kreative Inklusion des Anderen die totalisierenden Praktiken der Aus- und Abgrenzung verdrĂ€ngen. Es ist der Versuch einer Zeitdiagnose stĂ€dtebaulicher Praktiken, wie wir sie seit dem Ende des zwanzigsten und dem beginnenden einundzwanzigsten Jahrhundert in der Schweiz beobachten können. Doch wie lĂ€sst sich solch eine Geschichte der Gegenwart erzĂ€hlen? Als Michel Foucault begann Geschichten ĂŒber den Wahnsinn, das Wissen, die Strafpraktiken oder die SexualitĂ€tsdispositive zu schreiben, war auch sein primĂ€res Anliegen immer eine Diagnose der Gegenwart. Er selbst bezeichnete seine Untersuchungen einmal als Ontologie der Gegenwart« oder »Ontologie unserer Selbst« und wollte damit vor allem eines ausdrĂŒcken: dass es ihm stets darum ging herauszufinden, wer wir gegenwĂ€rtig sind und wie wir gegenwĂ€rtig denken.
Genau diese Frage motivierte auch die vorliegende Arbeit. Ziel war eine Diagnose unserer gegenwĂ€rtigen StĂ€dtebaukultur, die nicht auf der Grundlage von Theorien erarbeitet, sondern erst im Verlauf der Untersuchung aus einer systematischen Rekonstruktion innerdisziplinĂ€rer Diskurse und Praktiken erstellt werden sollte. HierfĂŒr knĂŒpft die Arbeit unmittelbar an Foucaults AnsĂ€tze an und folgt damit selbst einer postfundamentalen Denktradition, die sich durch ihren Skeptizismus gegenĂŒber vorgefertigten Kategorien und vermeintlichen Wahrheiten positioniert. Konkret galt es herauszuarbeiten, wie Foucaults philosophischer Skeptizismus, seine Methode der ArchĂ€ologie und sein Konzept des Dispositivs genutzt werden können, um eine kulturwissenschaftlich angeleitete Diagnose gegenwĂ€rtiger stĂ€dtebaulicher und architektonischer Praktiken durchzufĂŒhren; nicht zuletzt um daraus mögliche Potentiale einer Foucault-inspirierten Diskursanalyse fĂŒr die StĂ€dtebau- und Architekturtheorie zu eruieren. Mit Michel Foucault als theoretischem Referenzpunkt, seinem methodenkritischen Denken als Grundlage und der Grounded Theory als Verfahrenstechnik wird die Arbeit erstmals ergrĂŒnden können, inwiefern Foucaults Methoden und Konzepte zu einer wissenschaftlichen Fundierung einer Disziplin beitragen können, die sich in erster Linie als eine praktische versteht.
Am Beispiel der Deutschschweiz wird anhand eines dreistufigen Kodierprozesses von stĂ€dtebaulichen Texten und Wettbewerbsprojekten ĂŒber einen Zeitraum von 1980 bis 2015 rekonstruiert, wie sich Ende des zwanzigsten und Anfang des einundzwanzigsten Jahrhunderts im Diskurs und in der Praxis des StĂ€dtebaus ein Wechsel der dominierenden Dispositive vollzieht. Unter den Bedingungen eingestandener Kontingenz ist der StĂ€dtebau dabei Strategien zu entwickeln, die sich grundsĂ€tzlich von denen der Disziplinar- und Planungslogiken unterscheiden. Es sind Strategien, denen es primĂ€r nicht darum geht die Stadtentwicklung zu planen oder zu ordnen. Strategien, die in der Anerkennung der NaturalitĂ€t der Dinge, in der normativen Kraft des Partikularen, in der Reflexion von Differenzen und in dem Spiel mit Ambivalenzen einen verantwortungsvollen Umgang mit der Ungewissheit gefunden haben. Ich nenne sie vereinfacht Strategien der Qualifizierung. Zwar ist man, um eine Qualifizierung tatsĂ€chlich zu erreichen, auch gezwungen, eine ganze Bandbreite von disziplinaren und totalitĂ€ren Planungstechniken anzuwenden. Was sich aber geĂ€ndert hat, ist das VerhĂ€ltnis; es sind die Relationen, zwischen den juridisch-rechtlichen Instrumenten, den totalitĂ€ren Planungen und den Qualifizierungsmechanismen, welche alles andere als eine klare rĂ€umliche Ordnung bezwecken.
Distanziert sich der StĂ€dtebau von einem ordnenden Denken, so kann er nur ein Anderes als das Ordnende verfolgen. Diese andere Art und Weise zu Denken und zu Handeln gewinnt ihre Legitimation weniger darĂŒber die Welt strukturieren, kategorisieren und unifizieren zu wollen; sie bezweckt auch etwas völlig Anderes. Sie muss das Unbestimmte, Unvorhersagbare und Ambivalente akzeptieren, nicht um dieses auszugrenzen oder zu ordnen, noch um es zu reprĂ€sentieren oder zu zelebrieren, sondern um es selbst zur eigenen Strategie zu machen.
Anhand subtiler stĂ€dtebaulicher Strategien und Entwurfsprinzipien werden wir beobachten können, wie der StĂ€dtebau aus seiner Krise heraus kreativ wurde und wie er begonnen hat seine Legitimation als Disziplin nicht mehr ĂŒber die Problematisierung einer (Un)Ordnung oder (Un)Gewissheit zu gewinnen, sondern wie er diese in der PositivitĂ€t des Anderen findet. Indem der StĂ€dtebau das Andere der Ordnung anerkennt und sich seine subversive Kraft zu nutze macht, gelingt es ihm, sein Schicksal â mit Unsicherheiten und Ungewissheit leben zu mĂŒssen â in ein Geschick zu verwandeln
Invasive non-Typhoidal Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 are not host-restricted and have an invasive phenotype in experimentally infected chickens
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Sequence Type (ST) 313 is a major cause of invasive non-Typhoidal salmonellosis in sub-Saharan Africa. No animal reservoir has been identified, and it has been suggested that ST313 is adapted to humans and transmission may occur via person-to-person spread. Here, we show that ST313 cause severe invasive infection in chickens as well as humans. Oral infection of chickens with ST313 isolates D23580 and Q456 resulted in rapid infection of spleen and liver with all birds infected at these sites by 3 days post-infection. In contrast, the well-defined ST19 S. Typhimurium isolates F98 and 4/74 were slower to cause invasive disease. Both ST19 and ST313 caused hepatosplenomegaly, and this was most pronounced in the ST313-infected animals. At 3 and 7 days post-infection, colonization of the gastrointestinal tract was lower in birds infected with the ST313 isolates compared with ST19. Histological examination and expression of CXCL chemokines in the ileum showed that both D23580 (ST313) and 4/74 (ST19) strains caused increased CXCL expression at 3 days post-infection, and this was significantly higher in the ileum of D23580 vs 4/74 infected birds. At 7 days post-infection, reduced chemokine expression occurred in the ileum of the D23580 but not 4/74-infected birds. Histological analysis showed that D23580 infection resulted in rapid inflammation and pathology including villous flattening and fusion at 3 days post-infection, and subsequent resolution by 7 days. In contrast, 4/74 induced less inflammation and pathology at 3 days post-infection. The data presented demonstrate that ST313 is capable of causing invasive disease in a non-human host. The rapid invasive nature of infection in the chicken, coupled with lower gastrointestinal colonization, supports the hypothesis that ST313 is a distinct pathovariant of S. Typhimurium that has evolved to become a systemic pathogen that can cause disease in several hosts
Viable counts of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium ST313 and ST19 in cecal contents and spleen following oral infection of the chicken.
<p>Viable counts (CFU/g) of cecal content (A) and spleen (B) at 3 and 7 days post-oral infection of two week old commercial egg laying chicks with 10<sup>8</sup> CFU ST313 (D23580, Q456) and ST19 (F98, 4/74) <i>S.</i> Typhimurium. Counts are shown as individual birds with the bar representing the median value. Five birds from each group were killed for sampling at each time point (nâ=â5) in each experiment. Data shown for D23580 and 4/74 (nâ=â10 per time point) is combined data for two separately repeated experiments. Statistical comparison was made using a Kruskal-Wallis test. *, P<0.05. **, P<0.01. ***, P<0.001.</p
Histopathology scoring system for experimental avian salmonellosis.
<p>Scoring system based on histopathological descriptions for experimental infection of the chicken with <i>S</i>. Typhimurium (WIthanage et al., 2004, 2005) and <i>S.</i> Gallinarum (Wigley et al 2002).</p
Mean and median (with range) histopathology scores in spleen, liver and ileum of two-week old chickens experimentally infected with <i>S</i>. Typhimurium D23580 (ST313) or 4/74 (ST19).
<p>Scores based on blind assessment based on pathology score outlined in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002487#pntd-0002487-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> conducted by two individuals. Statistical comparison was made between the two infected groups using Mann Whitney U-test and indicates significantly greater pathology in the spleen and liver (Pâ=â0.016) in the D23580 infected group at 3 days post infection and liver and 7 days post infection (Pâ=â0.032) consistent with systemic salmonellosis associated with an invasive phenotype. Both isolates elicit a moderate inflammatory response in the ileum at 3 days post infection, albeit slightly greater in the 4/74-infected birds. At 7 days post infection this has largely resolved in D23580-infected birds but remains significantly higher in 4/74 infected birds (Pâ=â0.014). nâ=â5 for each group per time point.</p
Expression of CXCL chemokines in the chicken gastrointestinal tract following infection with <i>S</i>. Typhimurium ST313 or ST19.
<p>Expression of the chemokines CXCLi1 and CXCLi2, considered to be orthologous to mammalian IL-8, were determined by qRT-PCR. Relative expression in ceca (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002487#pntd-0002487-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2A</a>) and ileum (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002487#pntd-0002487-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2B</a>) of ST313 (D23580) and ST19 (4/74) infected groups were made in comparison to mock-infected control birds by (2<sup>â[ÎÎCT]</sup>) method. Data is expressed as fold changes in expression in individual birds with the bar representing the mean value. Expression was determined in five birds per group at each time point. Statistical comparison was made by ANOVA. *, P<0.05. **, P<0.01.</p
WHO Global Salm-Surv External Quality Assurance System for Serotyping of Salmonella Isolates from 2000 to 2007âż
An international external quality assurance system (EQAS) for the serotyping of Salmonella species was initiated in 2000 by WHO Global Salm-Surv to enhance the capacity of national reference laboratories to obtain reliable data for surveillance purposes worldwide. Seven EQAS iterations were conducted between 2000 and 2007. In each iteration, participating laboratories submitted serotyping results for eight Salmonella isolates. A total of 249 laboratories in 96 countries participated in at least one EQAS iteration. A total of 756 reports were received from the participating laboratories during the seven EQAS iterations. Cumulatively, 76% of participating laboratories submitted data for all eight strains, and 82% of strains were correctly serotyped. In each iteration, 84% to 96% of the laboratories correctly serotyped the Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolate that was included as an internal quality control strain. Regional differences in performance were observed, with laboratories in Central Asia and the Middle East performing less well overall than those in other regions. Errors that resulted in incorrect serovar identification were typically caused by difficulties in the detection of the phase two flagellar antigen or in differentiation within antigen complexes; some of these errors are likely related to the quality of the antisera available. The results from the WHO Global Salm-Surv EQAS, the largest of its kind in the world, show that most laboratories worldwide are capable of correctly serotyping Salmonella species. However, this study also indicates a continuing need for improvement. Future training efforts should be aimed at enhancing the ability to detect the phase two flagellar antigen and at disseminating information on where to purchase high-quality antisera
Results of Use of WHO Global Salm-Surv External Quality Assurance System for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Salmonella Isolates from 2000 to 2007 âż
An international External Quality Assurance System (EQAS) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella was initiated in 2000 by the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Salm-Surv in order to enhance the capacities of national reference laboratories to obtain reliable data for surveillance purposes worldwide. Seven EQAS iterations have been conducted from 2000 to 2007. In each iteration, participating laboratories submitted susceptibility results from 10 to 15 antimicrobial agents for eight Salmonella isolates and an Escherichia coli reference strain (ATCC 25922). A total of 287 laboratories in 102 countries participated in at least one EQAS iteration. A large number of laboratories reported results for the E. coli ATCC 25922 reference strain which were outside the quality control ranges. Critical deviations for susceptibility testing of the Salmonella isolates varied from 4% in 2000 to 3% in 2007. Consistent difficulties were observed in susceptibility testing of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. Regional variations in performance were observed, with laboratories in central Asia, Africa, and the Middle East not performing as well as those in other regions. Results from the WHO Global Salm-Surv EQAS show that most laboratories worldwide are capable of correctly performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella isolates, but they also indicate that further improvement for some laboratories is needed. In particular, further training and dissemination of information on quality control, appropriate interpretive criteria (breakpoints), and harmonization of the methodology worldwide through WHO Global Salm-Surv and other programs will contribute to the generation of comparable and reliable antimicrobial susceptibility data (D. M. A. Lo Fo Wong, R. S. Hendriksen, D. J. Mevius, K. T. Veldman, and F. M. Aarestrup, Vet. Microbiol. 115:128-139, 2006)