6 research outputs found
ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°
A comparison of the capabilities of two methods for extraction-chromatographic determination of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in various objects (syrups, ointments, tablets, herbal mixtures, etc.), the screening methanol method commonly used in the practice of customs and forensic examination and the proposed extraction method based on the use of water phase (in particular, water solutions of salts) for preliminary effective separation of analytes from matrix components was made. In extraction systems of hexaneβwater, hexaneβaqueous solutions of inorganic salts (sodium chloride, dipotassium phosphate and potassium carbonate), chloroformβwater, the method of gas chromatography β mass spectrometry was used to determine the distribution constants (P) of organic bases β narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (N-methylephedrine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, methadone, dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, ketamine, cocaine zolpidem, fentanyl, harmine, harmaline). Based on the obtained extraction characteristics of analytes and matrix components, the optimal extractants and extraction conditions, which ensure the maximum efficiency of separation of analytes and matrix components, as well as the concentration of the analyte were substantiated. The use of extraction using water and aqueous solutions of salts provides both a sharp decrease in the detection limit (from 10β3 to 10β7 mol/dm3) in comparison with the methanol method and stable working of chromatographic equipment due to the removal of thermally unstable matrix components was shown.ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
(ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΡ, ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π±Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄.), ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ (Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ) Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½βΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½βΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ), Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌβΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ β ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π ) ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ β Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² (N-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°, Π°ΠΌΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π°, Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π°, ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°, Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»Π°, Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°, Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°). ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Ρ 10β3 Π΄ΠΎ 10β7 ΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ/Π΄ΠΌ3) ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ«Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ€ΠΠΠ¬ΠΠ«Π₯ Π€ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠΠ©ΠΠ‘Π’Π ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ Π ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ― ΠΠ₯ ΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠΠ¨ΠΠΠ Π₯Π ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠ€ΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ―
Using gas chromatography methods with the quadrupole mass spectrometric detector and flame ionization detector, as well as high-performance liquid chromatography with the diode-matrix detector, the distribution constants of codeine, phenobarbital, modafinil, adrafinil, pseudoephedrine for hexane-water, hexane-water systems of inorganic salt solutions (sodium chloride, dipotassium phosphate, potassium carbonate and ammonium sulfate), chloroform-water, chloroform-aqueous solutions of inorganic salts (sodium chloride, dipotassium phosphate, potassium carbonate and ammonium sulfate) were determined. The principal possibility of quantitative extraction of all the investigated substances from the aqueous matrices by salting out was shown. The patterns of salting out of the studied substances from the aqueous solutions were established. In particular, the salting out ability of salts increased sharply with the increasing charge of the salt anion. A significant effect on the salting out effect was exerted by the nature of the extracted compound. It has been shown that the following compounds could be quantitatively recovered in the hexane: codeine, modafinil, and afrafinil. Due to their high hydrophilicity, phenobarbital and pseudoephedrine were not quantitatively extracted with the hexane even at the salt concentration close to the saturation. For the extraction of phenobarbital and pseudoephedrine, the more active but less selective chloroform was used. Based on the obtained values of the distribution constants of the substances and their acid-base properties, the extraction methods for the sample preparation of the various objects were proposed with determining the studied substances in them using salting out. The methodology for the determination of pseudoephedrine and codeine in drugs was tested. It was based on the preliminary removal of the matrix components by chloroform from the aqueous acidic solution and subsequent alkalization, salting out, and extraction with chloroform. The characteristics of the methods were as follows: detection limit for pseudoephedrine - 0.09 g/dm3 and for codeine - 0.07 g/dm3; standard deviation did not exceed 4% for both substances, range of determined concentrations for all-ephedrineΒ was 0.09 β 3.00 g/dm3, and for codeine - 0.07 - 4.00 g/dm3 respectively.Key words: salting out, chromatography, increment of methylene group, solution structure, Sechenov constant(Russian)Β DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.4.004S.M. Leshchev1, O.N. Mikhniuk2 , K.D. Kryzhny2, M.F. Zayats1Β 1Belarusian State University, ul. Leningradskaya, 14, Minsk, 220050,Β Republic of Belarus2State institute of advanced training and retraining of customs authorities of the Republic of Belarus, ul. Mogilevskaya, 45/4, Minsk, 220007, Republic of BelarusΠ‘ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π°, Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Β Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½-Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½-Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ), Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌ-Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌ-Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ). ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π°Π½ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ», Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ». Π€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½ Π²Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Β ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ: Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ: Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π° β 0.09 Π³/ Π΄ΠΌ3, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π° β 0.07 Π³/Π΄ΠΌ3, ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 4 % Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ: Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π° β 0.09 β 3.00 Π³/Π΄ΠΌ3, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π° β 0.07 β 4.00 Π³/Π΄ΠΌ3 .Β ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°: Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π‘Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.4.00
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π² ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡβΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½
In the extraction systems of hexaneβaqueous solutions of potassium carbonate, ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride, the distribution of a number of organic compounds (benzyl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran, phenol, aniline, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, n-butylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, benzylamine) was studied. It was shown that sodium chloride, the most frequently used as a salting out agent, is noticeably inferior in salting ability to potassium carbonate, dipotassium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, since it contains singly charged ions with a relatively low charge density. Using the method of group increments on the example of aliphatic alcohols, the salting out ability of a number of mineral salts with singly charged ions was evaluated. By the value of this ability, the salts studied are arranged in the following order: NaNO2 > NaCl > KCl ~ NaBr > NaClO4 > KJ > NH4NO3 > NH4SCN. At the same time, the salting out effect of the last four salts from the above series is small. Based on the usage of the group increment method, the nature of the salting out effect is additionally confirmed, which consists, first of all, in strengthening the structure of the saline solution and increasing the increment of the methylene group (ICH2) with increasing the salt concentration.Π ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½βΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½, ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ», Π°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½, n-Π±ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½, Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½). ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄Π°. Π‘ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄Ρ: NaNO2>NaCl>KCl~NaBr>NaClO4> KJ>NH4NO3>NH4SCN. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π½Π΅Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ (ICH2β ) Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π½-Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
At a temperature of 20 Β± 1 Β°C, the distribution of model substances of various classes of organic non-electrolytes in n-hexane β aqueous solutions of dipotassium phosphate and potassium acetate was studied. The increments of theΒ methylene and functional groups of organic non-electrolytes are calculated. It has been shown that in case of dipotassium phosphate, the nature of the salting out effect is enhancing the structure of the salt solution and the growth of the methylene group increment. For potassium acetate, the increment of the methylene group slightly increases with increasing salt concentration, and for most functional groups it increases significantly. An explanation of the dependences of the increment values on the nature and composition of the salt solution is given.ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 20Β±1 Β°CΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π½-Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½βΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°
ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
In extraction systems hexaneβwater, hexaneβaqueous solutions of inorganic salts (sodium chloride, dipotassium phosphate and potassium carbonate), chloroformβwater using the method of gas chromatographyβmass spectrometry, the distribution constants of psychotropic substances, limited to movement through the customs border of the Republic of Belarus β alprazolam, lorazepam, temazepam, and as well as clozapine, a medicinal product permitted for movement, were determined. The greatest dynamics of the growth of the distribution constant versus salt concentration was observed in alprazolam. It was found that replacing hexane with chloroform leads to increasing the distribution constants and the quantitative extraction of all substances. However, for the selective extraction of substances from various objects and the simultaneous removal of matrix components, it is necessary to use the systems as hexaneβaqueous solutions of salts or hexaneβwater. Based on the obtained values of the distribution constants of substances, extraction-chromatographic technique for the determination of organic nonΒelectrolytes (benzodiazepines) in various objects is proposed. Metrological characteristics of the techniques are: relative standard deviation does not exceed 2 %, the range of determined concentrations in solutions is 0,05β 1,00 g/dm3.Π ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½βΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½βΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ), Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌβΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² (Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²), ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ (Π°Π»ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ°, Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠ°), ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΏΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Ρ Π°Π»ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ: Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½βΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½βΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²) Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ: ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 2 %, Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
: 0,05β1,00 Π³/Π΄ΠΌ3
The use of salting out for the extraction of hydrophilic biologically active substances from the aqueous solutions for their further chromatographic determination
Submitted 15 September 2019, received in revised form 15 October 2019ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ 15 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2019 Π³., ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ 15 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2019 Π³.Using gas chromatography methods with the quadrupole mass spectrometric detector and flame ionization detector, as well as high-performance liquid chromatography with the diode-matrix detector, the distribution constants of codeine, phenobarbital, modafinil, adrafinil, pseudoephedrine for hexane-water, hexane-water systems of inorganic salt solutions (sodium chloride, dipotassium phosphate, potassium carbonate and ammonium sulfate), chloroform-water, chloroform-aqueous solutions of inorganic salts (sodium chloride, dipotassium phosphate, potassium carbonate and ammonium sulfate) were determined. The principal possibility of quantitative extraction of all the investigated substances from the aqueous matrices by salting out was shown. The patterns of salting out of the studied substances from the aqueous solutions were established. In particular, the salting out ability of salts increased sharply with the increasing charge of the salt anion. A significant effect on the salting out effect was exerted by the nature of the extracted compound. It has been shown that the following compounds could be quantitatively recovered in the hexane: codeine, modafinil, and afrafinil. Due to their high hydrophilicity, phenobarbital and pseudoephedrine were not quantitatively extracted with the hexane even at the salt concentration close to the saturation. For the extraction of phenobarbital and pseudoephedrine, the more active but less selective chloroform was used. Based on the obtained values of the distribution constants of the substances and their acid-base properties, the extraction methods for the sample preparation of the various objects were proposed with determining the studied substances in them using salting out. The methodology for the determination of pseudoephedrine and codeine in drugs was tested. It was based on the preliminary removal of the matrix components by chloroform from the aqueous acidic solution and subsequent alkalization, salting out, and extraction with chloroform. The characteristics of the methods were as follows: detection limit for pseudoephedrine -0.09 g/dm3 and for codeine -0.07 g/ dm3; standard deviation did not exceed 4% for both substances, range of determined concentrations for all-ephedrine was 0.09 β 3.00 g/dm3, and for codeine - 0.07 - 4.00 g/dm3 respectively.Π‘ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π°, Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½-Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½-Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ), Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌ-Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌ-Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ). ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π°Π½ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΒΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ», Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ». Π€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½ Π²Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ: Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ: Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π° β 0.09 Π³/ Π΄ΠΌ3, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π° β 0.07 Π³/Π΄ΠΌ3, ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 4 % Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ: Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π° β 0.09 β 3.00 Π³/Π΄ΠΌ3, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π° β 0.07 β 4.00 Π³/Π΄ΠΌ3