The Evolution of Sustainability and Socio-Economic Functions of National Pension Systems

The development of the national pension system is connected with the coherence of the economic interests of the main participants concerning the storage, redistribution and use of premiums. The relationship and account of economic interests form the motivational core of a sustainable national pension system. The evolution of the stability concept in the course of time is determined by the evolution of the system of values underlying the socio-economic functions of national pension systems. The study aims to develop a model of sustainable national pension system that meets the social and economic criteria. Because of the complexity and dynamism of the object, a comparative analysis of pension systems in developed countries is carried out in order to identify key indicators and significant features of national pension systems and the definition of Russia's place. The model of a sustainable national pension system is the result of the analysis and synthesis of the best world experience in solving the problem of stability. The article is of interest from the standpoint of analyzing the issues of national security. Keywords: national pension system, mandatory and voluntary pension insurance, pensions, redistribution mechanism, model of the pension system. JEL Classifications: H55; G23; J3

Typology of Rural Territories of the Russian Federation Subjects

The article is devoted to the methodological approaches of the complex typology of the Russian Federation rural areas for the purposes of regional governance. The proposed method takes into account the differences in rural areas of the region in terms of socio-economic development, the economic potential and limitations of its use, based on the application of multivariate statistical analysis of integrated indicators. It summarizes the main problems of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation rural areas, one of the reasons, which, according to the authors, is an insufficient account of the special areas in the implementation of rural development policies at both the Federal and regional levels of government. Here it is suggested a hierarchical system of indicators which is used to develop a typology of regional rural areas, including aggregated typology criteria: the level of economic potential, the level of restrictions of the use of the economic potential, the level of social and economic development, as well as integrated and private figures. It is performed the approbation of the methodology with the use of data from rural municipal districts of the agricultural subject of the Russian Federation - the Republic of Buryatia. The obtained typology of rural areas allowed us to justify a differentiated approach to the management of socio-economic development of the regional rural areas. The results of the study can be recommended to the federal and regional authorities in improving the management of rural development based on a differentiated approach. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s7p20

No severe and global X chromosome inactivation in meiotic male germline of Drosophila

This article is a response to Vibranovski et al

Фармакоэкономическое исследование лечения артериальной гипертензии у детей и подростков методом анализа стоимости болезни

Background. The cost-of-illness (COI) analysis allows to estimate and plan costs for calculations between the subjects of the health care system and medical insurance organizations. The primary morbidity of the population with diseases of the circulatory system increased from 4,784 thousand people in 2018 to 5,136 thousand in 2019. A growth in the number of cases resulted in an increase in the demand for drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Objective: to perform a pharmacoeconomic study of the treatment of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents by COI-analysis.Material and methods. The source of information for COI-analysis was the real clinical practice – medical records of sick children and adolescents. A pharmacoeconomic study using COI-analysis was carried out at the inpatient and outpatient stages of care and included the calculation of direct medical costs (the costs of laboratory, instrumental medical services, non-drug and drug antihypertensive therapy). The study included 102 children diagnosed with arterial hypertension. The average stay of patients in the hospital was 10 (10.4±0.35) bed-days and treatment on an outpatient basis varied from 3 months to 1 year.Results. The leading place in the structure of costs for antihypertensive therapy is occupied by the beta-blockers pharmacological group (35%). The total cost of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents in inpatient and outpatient settings was 4,459.00 and 29,638.90 rubles, respectively.Conclusion. The COI-analysis of arterial hypertension confirms the need for timely diagnosis and treatment and preventive measures for high blood pressure in children and adolescents to reduce the development of risk factors for such serious cardiovascular complications as stroke and myocardial infarction in adulthood, the treatment of which requires large cash costs.Актуальность. Метод анализа стоимости болезни (англ. cost of illness, COI) позволяет оценить и запланировать затраты для расчетов между субъектами системы здравоохранения и страховыми медицинскими организациями. Первичная заболеваемость населения болезнями системы кровообращения возросла с 4784 тыс. человек в 2018 г. до 5136 тыс. в 2019 г. С ростом числа заболевших увеличивается спрос на лекарственные препараты для лечения сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний.Цель: провести фармакоэкономическое исследование лечения артериальной гипертензии у детей и подростков методом COI-анализа.Материал и методы. Источником информации для проведения COI-анализа послужила реальная клиническая практика – медицинские карты больных детей и подростков. Фармакоэкономическое исследование методом COI-анализа проведено на стационарном и амбулаторном этапах оказания помощи и включило расчет прямых медицинских затрат, а именно затрат на лабораторные, инструментальные медицинские услуги, немедикаментозную и медикаментозную антигипертензивную терапию. В исследование были отобраны 102 ребенка с диагнозом артериальной гипертензии. Срок пребывания пациентов в стационаре в среднем составил 10 (10,4±0,35) койко-дней, а срок лечения в амбулаторных условиях – от 3 мес до 1 года.Результаты. Лидирующую позицию в структуре затрат на антигипертензивную терапию занимает фармакологическая группа бетаадреноблокаторов (35%). Общая стоимость заболевания «артериальная гипертензия» у детей и подростков в стационарных и амбулаторных условиях составила 4459,00 и 29 638,90 руб. соответственно.Заключение. COI-анализ стоимости болезни «артериальная гипертензия» подтверждает необходимость проведения своевременной диагностики и лечебно-профилактических мероприятий при повышенном артериальном давлении у детей и подростков с целью снижения развития факторов риска таких серьезных сердечно-сосудистых осложнений, как инсульт и инфаркт миокарда, во взрослом возрасте, лечение которых требует больших денежных затрат

Факторы риска летального исхода от туберкулеза в субъекте с низкой плотностью населения (Камчатском крае)

The objective: evidence-based study of the factors influencing tuberculosis mortality in the Kamchatskiy Kray as a territory withlow population density.Subjects and Methods. A retrospective cohort study of the unfavorable course of tuberculosis in 512 patients with tuberculosis (new cases and relapses) was carried out. A univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for a lethal outcome of tuberculosis was performed.Results. In a univariate analysis, the incidence of death from tuberculosis among increased in older patients (p < 0.0001), among the unemployed, pensioners and disabled (p = 0.02), homeless (p = 0.01), persons who failed to undergo fluorography for 2 years or more (p = 0.004), patients with a positive result of sputum smear test at registration (p = 0.003), and those suffering from alcoholism (p = 0.03), and decreased in patients who were actively detected (p < 0.0001 ). There was no influence on the probability of death from tuberculosis in the registration group by such parameters as new cases/relapses (p = 0.2), male/female (p = 0.09), urban/rural area of residence (p = 0.7), belonging to the indigenous population (p = 0.6), resistance to rifampicin (p = 1), cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.5), and smoking (p = 0.3). In multivariate analysis, an independent factor that reduced the risk of death was the active detection of tuberculosis patients (aOR = 0.2, p = 0.02).Conclusion. To reduce the risk of death from tuberculosis in an area with low population density (Kamchatskiy Kray), the priority should be given to improvement of active detection of tuberculosis cases; the proportion of tuberculosis patients detected during preventive screening should be used as an parameter of this improvement.Цель исследования: доказательное определение факторов, влияющих на смертность от туберкулеза в Камчатском крае как территории с низкой плотностью населения.Материалы и методы. Проведено ретроспективное когортное исследование неблагоприятного течения туберкулеза у 512пациентов с туберкулезом (впервые выявленные или рецидив). Выполнен однофакторный и многофакторный анализ факторов риска летального исхода от туберкулеза.Результаты. В однофакторном анализе частота летального исхода от туберкулеза пациентов увеличивалась с возрастом (p < 0,0001), у безработных, пенсионеров и инвалидов (p = 0,02), лиц без определенного места жительства (p = 0,01), лиц, не обследованных флюорографически 2 года и более (p = 0,004), у пациентов с положительным результатом бактериоскопии мокроты при регистрации (p = 0,003), с наличием алкоголизма (p = 0,03), снижалась у пациентов, выявленных активно (p < 0,0001). Не выявлено влияния на вероятность летального исхода от туберкулеза в регистрационной группе таких показателей, как случаи впервые выявленные/рецидивы (p = 0,2); мужской/женский пол (p = 0,09); городская/сельская местность проживания (p = 0,7); принадлежность к коренному населению (p = 0,6); устойчивость к рифампицину возбудителя (p = 1), заболевания сердечно-сосудистой системы (p = 0,5), курение (p = 0,3). При многофакторном анализе независимым фактором, снижающим риск летального исхода, было активное выявление больных туберкулезом (aOR = 0,2; p = 0,02).Заключение. В снижении риска смерти от туберкулеза на территории с низкой плотностью населения (Камчатском крае) первоочередную роль имеет совершенствование активного выявления больных туберкулезом; в качестве индикатора следует использовать показатель «доля больных туберкулезом, выявленных при профилактических осмотрах»

Cytokinesproduction by blood immune cells in patients of different age groups with invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type and lymphatic metastases

The aim of this study was to evaluate production of cytokines by the blood immune cells in patients of different age groups with invasive non-specified type mammary ductal carcinoma, with or without metastases. Production of cytokines by periphery blood immunocompetent cells, either spontaneous and stimulated with polyclonal activators, was assessed in 82 patients with invasive mammary ductal carcinoma. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, IL-1p, IL-1ra, TNFa, IFNy, G-CSF, GM-CSF, VEGF и MCP-1 were determined by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The patients were divided into 2 age groups: the first group consisted of 48 patients from 45 to 60 years old; the second group consisted of 34 older patients (61 to 75 years old). Metastases in local lymph nodes were documented in twenty patients from the first group and nine patients from the second group. The younger patients (45-60 years old) with metastases in local lymph nodes showed higher polyclonal activation index of IL-4 and IL-1ra production, when compared to the patients without lymphatic metastases. As for the older patients (61 to 75 years old), their polyclonal activation index of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1ra, G-CFS, GM-CSF production was significantly lower in cases of local lymph nodes metastases. The latter was due to higher level of spontaneous production, which suppressed the influence of polyclonal activators. The index of polyclonal activation upon production of cytokines in patients with lymphatic metastases was shown to be significantly higher for the age group of 45 to 60 years than in the age group of 61 to 75 years old. This fact suggested a highly stimulating effect of polyclonal activators in patients younger than 60 years. It was found that correlation between the index of polyclonal activation of cytokine production, and the indexes of ER, PR, HER2/NEU and Ki-67 receptor expression, which are used for the determination of molecular genetic subtype of the tumor, differ significantly for the distinct age groups

Investigation of the Sorption Properties of Ore Materials for the Removal of Sulfur Dioxide from Exhaust Flue Gases of Power Plants

The prospects of using a natural material – ferromanganese nodules (FMN) from the Gulf of Finland – as the SO2 adsorbent are discussed. The starting material was studied as pellets and powder using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, XRD, BET, and mechanical strength analysis; dependences of physicochemical parameters of the material on heat treatment at 100-1000 ºC were found. FMN samples were tested in the process of SO2 sorption. The sorptive capacity of FMN samples for SO2 was found to increase with humidity of adsorbents; FMN samples with a humidity above 40% were shown to be promising for the removal of sulfur dioxide from gase

Blood biomarkers and Ki-67 proliferation marker in breast cancer

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in patients with breast cancer (BC). It is known that the lesion of regional lymph nodes by tumor cells is more common in tumors with higher proliferative activity. Moreover, there is literature evidence on effects of cytokines and proteins upon the migration potential of the tumor. The aim of our work was to study the correlation between the concentrations of cytokines, proteins, and expression of Ki-67 proliferation marker in breast cancer with histology of non-specific invasive carcinoma.On the basis of pathological findings, 16 patients had metastases in regional lymph nodes (group I), and 18 patients had no detectable metastases (group II). Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay was used to determine concentrations of 14 cytokines in the supernatants of immunocompetent blood cells, i.e., IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, IL-1β, IL-1ra, TNFα, IFNγ, G-CSF, GM-CSF, VEGF and MCP-1, and concentrations of 6 proteins were determined in blood serum: estrogen and progesterone receptors, cadherin-E (CDH1), plasminogen activator type 1 (PAI-1), mucin 1 (MUC1), heat shock protein 90αA1 (HSP90αA1). Immunohistochemical study of Ki-67 expression was performed in paraffin sections of tumors using monoclonal antibodies.The study showed that Ki-67 expression in tumor tissues and blood concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNFα were higher in group I patients. On the contrary, blood concentrations of CDH1 and PAI-1 were higher in group II patients. It was found that Ki-67 showed both inverse correlations with CDH1 and PAI1, and direct correlations with IL-8 and TNFα. CDH1 had a direct correlation with PAI1, and inverse correlations with IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα. The studied cytokines showed direct correlations with each other. The analysis of ROC curves showed good quality and optimal values of the cut-off points for Ki-67 expression, cytokine and protein concentrations, thus allowing best prediction for detectable lymphatic metastasis.On the basis of these results, a quotient was proposed, which represents a ratio of CDH1 contents to the sum of IL-1β and TNFα concentrations in blood samples, which can help identification of the patients with breast cancer at risk for lymphatic metastasis