Diagnostic tools for assessment of the level of college students upbringing

The article is devoted to the problem of diagnostic of the level of student’s upbringing. The article presents the criteria, indicators and methods of diagnostics of the level of upbringing of students, which can be used in the practice of form masters, deputy directors of college for educational work, employees of departments of education of different level

No severe and global X chromosome inactivation in meiotic male germline of Drosophila

This article is a response to Vibranovski et al

Sex, sex chromosomes and gene expression

The X chromosome has fewer testis-specific genes than autosomes in many species. This bias is commonly attributed to X inactivation in spermatogenesis but a recent paper in BMC Biology provides evidence against X inactivation in Drosophila and proposes that somatic tissue- and testis- but not ovary-specific genes tend not to be located on the X chromosome. Here, we discuss possible mechanisms underlying this bias, including sexual antagonism and dosage compensation

Pyrrolylquinoxaline-2-one derivative as a potent therapeutic factor for brain trauma rehabilitation

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often causes massive brain cell death accompanied by the accumulation of toxic factors in interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids. The persistence of the damaged brain area is not transient and may occur within days and weeks. Chaperone Hsp70 is known for its cytoprotective and antiapoptotic activity, and thus, a therapeutic approach based on chemically induced Hsp70 expression may become a promising approach to lower post-traumatic complications. To simulate the processes of secondary damage, we used an animal model of TBI and a cell model based on the cultivation of target cells in the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from injured rats. Here we present a novel low molecular weight substance, PQ-29, which induces the synthesis of Hsp70 and empowers the resistance of rat C6 glioma cells to the cytotoxic effect of rat cerebrospinal fluid taken from rats subjected to TBI. In an animal model of TBI, PQ-29 elevated the Hsp70 level in brain cells and significantly slowed the process of the apoptosis in acceptor cells in response to cerebrospinal fluid action. The compound was also shown to rescue the motor function of traumatized rats, thus proving its potential application in rehabilitation therapy after TBI. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: 0124-2019-002Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 20-33-70102Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 18-74-10087Funding: This research was funded by Russian Science Foundation, research project #18-74-10087 (V.F.L., E.A.D., M.A.M., E.R.M.), Russian Foundation for Basic Research, research project #20-33-70102 (I.A.U., O.N.C., V.N.C, M.?.T., I.V.G.), and by The Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation № 0124-2019-002 (R.V.S., N.D.A., B.A.M.)

EXPRESSION OF mRNA FOR CYTOKINES COMPARED TO THEIR CONCENTRATIONS IN CULTURE SUPERNATES OF U937 CELLS EXPOSED TO POLYCLONAL ACTIVATORS

Investigation of the cytokine expression dynamics as well as the cytokine-producing potential of immune-competent cells allows extensive studies of their functional characteristics. mRNAs encoding a number of cytokine genes are relatively stable, thus their level may be used as a marker for assessing the levels of activation and proliferation of immunocompetent cells as well as for evaluating the cytokine-producing potential of immunocompetent cells.In our work, we assessed correlations between the levels of mRNA expression specific for IL-10, TNF-α, GM-CSF cytokines determined in a culture of differentiated macrophage U937 cells, and protein concentrations of the same cytokines as measured in supernates of U937 cell cultures, without and after exposure to polyclonal activators. The IL-10, TNF-α, GM-CSF mRNA expression was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Protein concentrations of IL-10, TNF-α, GM-CSF cytokines in the culture supernatant of U937 cells were measured by an enzyme immunoassay. The use of an initially homogeneous cell culture in the study is convenient due to the identical conditions in all experimental variants.The most pronounced effect of polyclonal activators is exerted upon production of GM-CSF mRNA, as well as protein concentration of this cytokine in the cell culture supernatants, thus actually coinciding with RT-qPCR results.  The TNF-α mRNA level decreased under the influence of polyclonal activators, whereas concentration of this cytokine was decreased in the cell supernate. The TNF-α protein in a culture medium did not reflect temporal changes in the cellular TNF-α mRNA expression, probably, due to potential decrease of cellular mRNA occurring by the feedback inhibitory mechanism. While the cytokines can accumulate and remain in the supernatant, the mRNA-related events leading to cytokine formation may be completed earlier. Therefore, the signalling pathways and cytokine release kinetics should be studied after establishing the time dependence at short time intervals, which may be individual for each cytokine.Thus, the results of a study using polyclonal activators suggest that polyclonal activators applied as mitogens, have a significant effect upon the concentration of secreted IL-10, TNFα and GM-CSF. In this case, polyclonal activators affect the levels of mRNA encoded by cytokine genes, thus indicating transcriptional mechanisms of its action. But, in view of the fact that the data are ambiguous, in order to achieve greater correspondence between the changes in the studied proteins and specific mRNAs, a detailed description of the time dependence is required for the changes in mRNA contents

Geodatabase and WebGIS project for long-term permafrost monitoring at the Vaskiny Dachi Research Station, Yamal, Russia

The research station Vaskiny Dachi (VD) in central Yamal, Western Siberia was established in 1988. Continuous monitoring of the permafrost state is conducted since 25 years, which allows collecting a large amount of data related to permafrost state and environment of this region. To store and visualise the geospatial data, containing our knowledge of the research area and research topic, we created a geodatabase (GDB) to operatively process different types of geospatial data. The produced GDB contains so far 11 vector feature datasets and raster data in the same coordinate system. The vector data represent: 1) bathymetry; 2) social-economic objects; 3) field data; 4) geomorphology; 5) hydrography; 6) landscapes; 7) permafrost; 8) snow; 9) topography; 10) vegetation; 11) long-term measurement grids and transects (Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) transect, CALM measurement grid). All these feature datasets contain 60 feature classes of spatial data in total. Some of the geodata layers are directly linked to data bases of field data. The raster data contain 37 layers, including a digital ele vation model with derivatives, a map of snow distribution for the key site, ba thymetric maps and other maps of different scale. Moreover, the key area is a site for international research projects and the ongoing exchange of the data is supported by the VD GDB. Geographical Information System (GIS) allows collecting, storing and processing geospatial data from different sources in a wide range of types and formats. WebGIS platforms allow displaying the geospatial data for different users, giving the impression of the general pro cesses on the certain geographic area. Also, we use the WebGIS service to publish the data and to make it available for the larger community. This paper is an overview on the permafrost studies at the VD research station, the GDB for permafrost monitoring as well as the established Yamal WebGIS project

STUDYING OF INTRACELLULAR PROCESSES BY RECORDING THE DYNAMIC SPECKLE

The objective of this work was to use a method of dynamic speckle interferometry for studying the cellular metabolism by averaging the data obtained from a small number of cells, as well as inside individual cells. The design of the experimental technique is presented. The technique allows assessing the activity of biological processes in various parts of the cell

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ МИНИМАЛЬНЫХ ИНГИБИРУЮЩИХ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЙ БЕДАКВИЛИНА ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТИ МИКОБАКТЕРИЙ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА

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MEDICINAL FORM OF TNF-α FOR LOCAL ADMINISTRATION

Composite preparation of tumor necrosis factor alpha and rheopolyglukin and polyethylene glycol (TNF-α+PG+PEG) was obtained. The specific activity of the samples was 4,13 х 107 IU/mg. The cytolytic activity of drugs TNF-α+PG+PEG and rhTNF-α did not change after 4 months when stored at 6 °С. Preparation TNF-α+PG+PEG provided a moderately prolonged elevation of TNF-alpha in blood of laboratory mice in contrast to TNF-α when they applied to the skin. The composite preparation did not have toxic, allergic and locally irritating action in experiments on laboratory animals