43 research outputs found
Morphological adaptations and food chains of preimaginal stages of <i>Wohlfahrtia magnifica</i> Schiner, 1862 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Structure functional organization of the parasitic system in wolfarthiosis of sheep
The purpose of the research is the study of morpho-biological characteristics and food chains of the preimaginal stages of Wohlfahrtia magnifica, pathogens of obligate tissue myiasis in sheep.Materials and methods. The studies were performed on sheep farms of various forms of ownership in the steppe zone of the Stavropol Territory. We determined the prevalence and intensity rates of W. magnifica infection and causes of wolfarthiosis spreading. The number and behavioral responses of W. magnifica imagoes were studied in grazing and stationary management of sheep. We took into account the life expectancy and ecological plasticity rates of W. magnifica adults and larvae. The fecundity of females was determined by manual preparation under an MBS-I microscope. The myiasis development process and preimaginal development of parasitic W. magnifica larvae were studied in spontaneous and artificial infection of sheep. Clinical studies of animals were performed according to generally accepted methods.Results and discussion. The results of the studies made it possible to establish that the preimaginal development of W. magnifica Schiner, 1862 in the host is characterized by the cooperation of parasitic larvae during the myiasis development and by a complex of morphological and physiological adaptations associated with changes in the external and internal structure of parasites and in the functioning of the systems of their organs. The pathogenic effect of the parasite on the host (primary, or specific) is due to its morphophysiological characteristics. The phenomenon of extraintestinal digestion in the W. magnifica larvae was described. Nutrition is the basis of symbiosis and parasitism, and knowledge of the mechanisms by which parasites absorb and partially utilize nutrients is fundamental to understanding parasitism and parasite-host relationships
Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±βΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π±Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ»Ρ Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ β Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Β» Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ (ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ) ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±βΡΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±βΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΄ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π±ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ, Π² Π½ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΡΡ Π·βΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ. Π―ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±βΡΠΊΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π° Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΡΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡ Π·Π±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎ Π±Π°Π·ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±βΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡ Π·Π±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ.This paper examines the influence of water surface on the quality of the image of an underwater object when using the laser vision system through the interface "air - water" in strobing mode of receiving channel. Since the surface layer of water has a random (stochastic) relief, structure of formed image may differ significantly from the structure of the object of observation. Image underwater object under the influence of surface waves may break up, it may show cracks, breaks. As a result, information on the structure of the object is lost and the efficiency of the laser underwater vision system is reduced. Method for determining the modulation transfer function of the rough sea surface, which is based on the general theory of transferring an image of the object through the scattering environment is described in details. With the proposed method, the article presents calculations of the influence of wind speed above water on the view of the modulation transfer function of the rough sea surface. The results can be used in the design of underwater laser vision, and also to assess possibilities of its technical realization.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Β«Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
- Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Β» Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ (ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ) ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ, Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ²Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π·Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π·Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ (ΠΠΠ’). ΠΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ·Ρ Π²ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π· ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ Ρ
Π²ΠΈΠ»Ρ β ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π· ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ, Π° ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ. Π§Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ
Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΌΡΠ² Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π³Π΅ΡΡ. ΠΠΊΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ 15 ΠΌΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ 5,2 ΠΌΠΌ.In this paper the block diagram of the device for light biologically active acupuncture points (BAP). The device is built using a multivibrator, which in turn activates the light emitting diodes of different wavelengths β one of which provides the maximum depth of penetration and the other maximum absorption, which increases the efficiency impact on acupuncture points. Frequency multivibrator with ranges of change of frequency biological rhythms of the human body from tens to hundreds of hertz. In addition to a second, for the possibility of acupressure emitting diodes placed in the reflector that provides a concentration of luminous flux at a distance of 15 mm in a circle with a diameter of 5.2 mm. LEDs in the reflector located at the same angles of light flux falling on human skin. LED brightness can be adjusted using the attenuator. Dimensions acupoints in diameter not exceeding 5 mm, so the calculated value of the irradiated spots fully meets the requirements. Property alternating irradiation of acupuncture points provides an opportunity for better absorption by the human body flux. Pulse mode switching rotation of churches (in the experimental provirenomu frequency range 10-150 Hz) ensures the use of LEDs of different wavelengths. The proposed device for light therapy acupuncture points, which can significantly reduce rozsiyuvanist light flux on the surface of the skin and increase the effectiveness of treatment therapies are provided, both by the concentration of luminous flux and by using light-emitting diodes with different penetrating and absorptive capacity, frequency modulated biological rhythms of the human body.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ (ΠΠΠ’). ΠΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ β ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ. Π§Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Π³Π΅ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ 15 ΠΌΠΌ Π² ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ 5,2 ΠΌΠΌ
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ Wohlfahrtia magnifica Schiner, 1862 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π΅ ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ
The purpose of the research is the study of morpho-biological characteristics and food chains of the preimaginal stages of Wohlfahrtia magnifica, pathogens of obligate tissue myiasis in sheep.Materials and methods. The studies were performed on sheep farms of various forms of ownership in the steppe zone of the Stavropol Territory. We determined the prevalence and intensity rates of W. magnifica infection and causes of wolfarthiosis spreading. The number and behavioral responses of W. magnifica imagoes were studied in grazing and stationary management of sheep. We took into account the life expectancy and ecological plasticity rates of W. magnifica adults and larvae. The fecundity of females was determined by manual preparation under an MBS-I microscope. The myiasis development process and preimaginal development of parasitic W. magnifica larvae were studied in spontaneous and artificial infection of sheep. Clinical studies of animals were performed according to generally accepted methods.Results and discussion. The results of the studies made it possible to establish that the preimaginal development of W. magnifica Schiner, 1862 in the host is characterized by the cooperation of parasitic larvae during the myiasis development and by a complex of morphological and physiological adaptations associated with changes in the external and internal structure of parasites and in the functioning of the systems of their organs. The pathogenic effect of the parasite on the host (primary, or specific) is due to its morphophysiological characteristics. The phenomenon of extraintestinal digestion in the W. magnifica larvae was described. Nutrition is the basis of symbiosis and parasitism, and knowledge of the mechanisms by which parasites absorb and partially utilize nutrients is fundamental to understanding parasitism and parasite-host relationships.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ: ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎ-Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ Wohlfahrtia ΠΌagnifica β Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π‘ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π°. Π£ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΎ W. ΠΌagnifica ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ. Π£ΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈ. ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠ‘-I. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ°Π·Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ W. ΠΌagnifica. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ W. magnifica Schiner, 1862 Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ°Π·Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½Π° (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅) ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π²Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΌΡΡ
. ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, Π° Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ-Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½