Self-Government Bodies in Russia: Formation and Development Policies

The article aims at studying the legal nature and essence of local self-government bodies in the Russian Federation as exemplified by the theoretical and legal comprehension of the historical aspects of forming local self-government bodies. The article uses the methods of induction and systemic scientific analysis, as well as comparative-legal and historical methods. The authors of the article proved that the implementation of the principles of local self-government in the Russian state apparatus became effective since it is based on objective economic, political and social prerequisites and conditions. As a result, all cities and rural settlements became municipalities.Keywords: Local self-government; Constitution; Municipal authority; Municipal structure; Human rights. Badan Pemerintahan Lokal di Rusia: Kebijakan Pembentukan dan Pengembangan AbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari sifat hukum dan esensi dari badan-badan Pemerintahan Lokal di Federasi Rusia, sebagaimana yang dicontohkan oleh pemahaman teoretis dan hukum dari aspek-aspek sejarah pembentukan badan-badan pemerintahan lokal sendiri. Artikel ini menggunakan metode induksi dan analisis ilmiah sistemik, serta metode komparatif-hukum dan historis. Penulis artikel membuktikan bahwa penerapan prinsip-prinsip pemerintahan lokal sendiri di aparatur negara Rusia menjadi efektif karena didasarkan pada prasyarat dan kondisi ekonomi, politik dan sosial yang objektif. Akibatnya, semua kota dan pemukiman pedesaan menjadi kotamadya.Kata Kunci: Pemerintahan Daerah Lokal; Konstitusi; Otoritas Kota; Struktur Kota; Hak Asasi Manusia.Органы местного самоуправления в России: Политика формирования и развития АннотацияСтатья направлена на изучение правовой природы и сущности органов местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации на примере теоретико-правового осмысления исторических аспектов формирования органов местного самоуправления. В статье используются методы индукции и системного научного анализа, а также сравнительно-правовой и исторический методы. Автор статьи доказал, что реализация принципов местного самоуправления в российском государственном аппарате стала эффективной, поскольку основывается на объективных экономических, политических и социальных предпосылках и условиях. В результате все города и сельские поселения стали муниципалитетами.Ключевые слова: Местное самоуправление; Конституция; Муниципальная власть; Муниципальное устройство; Права человека

Parametric Model Order Reduction of Guided Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Fiber Metal Laminates with Damage

This paper focuses on parametric model order reduction (PMOR) of guided ultrasonic wave propagation and its interaction with damage in a fiber metal laminate (FML). Structural health monitoring in FML seeks to detect, localize and characterize the damage with high accuracy and minimal use of sensors. This can be achieved by the inverse problem analysis approach, which employs the signal measurement data recorded by the embedded sensors in the structure. The inverse analysis requires us to solve the forward simulation of the underlying system several thousand times. These simulations are often exorbitantly expensive and trigger the need for improving their computational efficiency. A PMOR approach hinged on the proper orthogonal decomposition method is presented in this paper. An adaptive parameter sampling technique is established with the aid of a surrogate model to efficiently update the reduced-order basis in a greedy fashion. A numerical experiment is conducted to illustrate the parametric training of the reduced-order model. The results show that the reduced-order solution based on the PMOR approach is accurately complying with that of the high fidelity solution

Damage Identification in Fiber Metal Laminates using Bayesian Analysis with Model Order Reduction

Fiber metal laminates (FML) are composite structures consisting of metals and fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) which have experienced an increasing interest as the choice of materials in aerospace and automobile industries. Due to a sophisticated built up of the material, not only the design and production of such structures is challenging but also its damage detection. This research work focuses on damage identification in FML with guided ultrasonic waves (GUW) through an inverse approach based on the Bayesian paradigm. As the Bayesian inference approach involves multiple queries of the underlying system, a parameterized reduced-order model (ROM) is used to closely approximate the solution with considerably less computational cost. The signals measured by the embedded sensors and the ROM forecasts are employed for the localization and characterization of damage in FML. In this paper, a Markov Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) based Metropolis-Hastings (MH) algorithm and an Ensemble Kalman filtering (EnKF) technique are deployed to identify the damage. Numerical tests illustrate the approaches and the results are compared in regard to accuracy and efficiency. It is found that both methods are successful in multivariate characterization of the damage with a high accuracy and were also able to quantify their associated uncertainties. The EnKF distinguishes itself with the MCMC-MH algorithm in the matter of computational efficiency. In this application of identifying the damage, the EnKF is approximately thrice faster than the MCMC-MH

Numerical Analysis of the Main Wave Propagation Characteristics in a Steel-CFRP Laminate Including Model Order Reduction

Guided ultrasonic waves are suitable for use in the context of structural health monitoring of thin-walled, plate-like structures. Hence, observing the wave propagation in the plates can provide an indication of whether damage has occurred in the structure. In this work, the wave propagation in fiber metal laminate consisting of thin steel foils and layers of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer is studied, focusing on the main propagation characteristics like dispersion diagrams and displacement fields. For this purpose, the dispersion diagrams derived from the analytical framework and numerical simulations are first determined and compared to each other. Next, the displacement fields are computed using the global matrix method for two excitation frequencies. The results derived from the analytical framework is used to validate the numerically determined displacement fields based on a 2D and a 3D modeling approach. For both investigations the results of the analytical treatment and the numerical simulation show good agreement. Furthermore, the displacement field reveals the typical and well-known characteristics of the propagation of guided waves in thin-walled structures. Since the use of full 3D models involves a very high computational cost, this work also successfully investigates the possibility for model order reduction to decrease the computational time and costs of the simulation without the loss of accuracy

The Guided Ultrasonic Wave Oscillation Phase Relation between the Surfaces of Plate-like Structures of Different Material Settings

Lamb waves occur in thin-walled structures in two wave modes—the symmetric and the antisymmetric mode. Their oscillation on the structures‘ surfaces is either in phase (symmetric) or shifted by a phase angle of π (antisymmetric). In this work, a method is developed by which to compare the surfaces’ oscillation phase relation to answer the question of whether fiber metal laminates show the same surface oscillation behavior as described for metals. The evaluation of time signals regarding the instantaneous phase angle is performed by using the continuous wavelet transformation and the short-time Fourier transformation. Numerical simulations utilizing the finite element method provide time signals from the top and bottom surface of different thin-walled structures of different material settings and configurations. The numerically obtained time signals are evaluated by the developed methods with respect to the oscillation phase. Subsequently, the oscillation phase is evaluated experimentally for the wave propagation in a fiber metal laminate. It is shown that the method based on the continuous wavelet transformation is suitable for the evaluation of oscillation phase relations in time signals. Additionally, it is proven that fiber metal laminates show only two phase relations, which indicates the occurrence of Lamb waves

The Guided Ultrasonic Wave Oscillation Phase Relation between the Surfaces of Plate-like Structures of Different Material Settings

Lamb waves occur in thin-walled structures in two wave modes—the symmetric and the antisymmetric mode. Their oscillation on the structures‘ surfaces is either in phase (symmetric) or shifted by a phase angle of π (antisymmetric). In this work, a method is developed by which to compare the surfaces’ oscillation phase relation to answer the question of whether fiber metal laminates show the same surface oscillation behavior as described for metals. The evaluation of time signals regarding the instantaneous phase angle is performed by using the continuous wavelet transformation and the short-time Fourier transformation. Numerical simulations utilizing the finite element method provide time signals from the top and bottom surface of different thin-walled structures of different material settings and configurations. The numerically obtained time signals are evaluated by the developed methods with respect to the oscillation phase. Subsequently, the oscillation phase is evaluated experimentally for the wave propagation in a fiber metal laminate. It is shown that the method based on the continuous wavelet transformation is suitable for the evaluation of oscillation phase relations in time signals. Additionally, it is proven that fiber metal laminates show only two phase relations, which indicates the occurrence of Lamb waves

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Influence of a Flat Polyimide Inlay on the Propagation of Guided Ultrasonic Waves in a Narrow GFRP-Specimen

Structural health monitoring systems for composite laminates using guided ultrasonic waves become more versatile with the structural integration of sensors. However, the data generated within these sensors have to be transmitted from the laminate to the outside, where polyimide-based printed circuit boards play a major role. This study investigates, to what extent integrated polyimide inlays with applied sensor bodies influence the guided ultrasonic wave propagation in glass fiber-reinforced polymer specimens. For reasons of resource efficiency, narrow specimens are used. Numerical simulations of a damping-free specimen indicate reflections of the S0-mode at the integrated inlay. This is validated experimentally with an air-coupled ultrasonic technique and a 3D laser Doppler vibrometry measurement. The experimental data are evaluated with a method including temporal and spatial continuous wavelet transformations to clearly identify periodically occurring wave packages as edge reflections and distinguish them from possible inlay reflections. However, even when separating in-plane and out-of-plane movements using the 3D measurement, no reflections at the inlays are detected. This leads to the conclusion that polyimide inlays are well suited as substrates for printed circuit boards integrated into fiber-reinforced polymer structures for structural health monitoring, since they do not significantly influence the wave propagation

Micro-Oscillator as Integrable Sensor for Structure-Borne Ultrasound

Motivated by their functional conformity, micro-cantilever-based MEMS oscillators are investigated in this study as structure-integrable transducers for the acquisition of guided ultrasonic waves in fiber–metal laminates. While acceleration-sensitive oscillators are limited in their maximum frequency, the presented displacement-sensitive oscillator is operated quasi-free in the fashion of a seismometer, making it particularly sensitive for high-frequency displacements above the sensor’s resonance frequency. The potential of this non-traditional application of a seismometer for the acquisition of structure-borne ultrasound is demonstrated experimentally. Therefore, MEMS oscillators are formed from the membrane of established pressure sensors by femtosecond laser micro-machining and mounted onto a setup for stimulation by structure-borne ultrasound. Experimental results indicate the targeted proportionality of the high-frequency stimulus and the sensor response. In conclusion, MEMS oscillators enable acquisition of high-frequency displacements and could therefore serve as structure-integrable sensors for guided ultrasonic waves

Genetic and Clinical Factors Associated with Olokizumab Treatment in Russian Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease and its treatment is an urgent problem of rheumatology. Olokizumab (OKZ) is a new humanized monoclonal antibody targeting IL-6 and is one of the few promising drugs for RA therapy. One-hundred-and-twenty-five DNA samples from Russian patients with RA, treated with olokizumab, were genotyped with an NGS panel containing 60 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the whole coding sequences of IL6, IL6R, TNFRSF1A, CTLA4, IL10, IL23R, and PADI4; and by RT-PCR for HLA-DRB1 and HLA-B. Associations of polymorphic variants with olokizumab efficacy according to the scores ACR20, ACR50, and DAS28-CRP were determined. We analyzed the obtained data by using logistic regression, ROC curves, and multivariate ANOVA. A high predictive value of the response to olokizumab therapy at 24 weeks was found for the combination of HLA-DRB1*04 and HLA-B*27 alleles with SNPs located in non-HLA genes (IL1B, IL17A, PADI4, DHODH, GLCCI1, IL23R, and TNFAIP3), and clinical characteristics (age, RA duration, and intensity) according to ACR20. Thus, the comprehensive assessment of polymorphic variants of HLA and non-HLA genes considering population characteristics in combination with clinical parameters allows for the elaboration of an RA prognostic panel