Wild type and mutant antenna and leg in flies in normal conditions and following irradiation.

<p>Simultaneous combination of mutations at both <i>ss</i> and <i>CG5017</i> loci increases sensitivity to even low doses of X-ray radiation (1 and 10 R), which is manifested as an increase in the mutant phenotype (photographs within the red frame).</p

Dynamics of acquisition and retention of conditioned courtship suppression in mutant males.

<p>Males from wild type <i>Canton S</i> (A-B), <i>milkah-1</i> (C–D), <i>ss^a40a</i> (E–F) and <i>ss^a40amilkah-1</i> (G–H) lines were tested. (A, C, E, G) – of tested males. (B, D, F, H) – of tested males. On the X-axis: time following training, in days; on the Y axis: – courtship index, – learning index, standard units. Open columns – of naive males, hatched columns – () of trained males. Each point represents 20 males. ** - or significantly lower than for wild type (two-sided randomization test, ) in similar condition; - in a test immediately following training or in a deferred test, significantly lower than the CI of naive males (two-sided randomization test, ); - in the delayed test significantly lower than in test immediately following training (two-sided randomization test,.</p

Wild type and mutant leg and antenna phenotypes.

<p>Micrographs show the normal morphology of the tarsal structures of the wild type <i>Canton S</i>, <i>ss^a40ahm</i> and <i>milkah-1</i> flies. Antennal structures of the <i>milkah-1</i> mutant flies do not show any difference from the wild type. The distal segment of the antenna – the arista - of the <i>ss^a40ahm</i> flies presents a certain thickening of the proximal end. The arista of the <i>ss^a40ahmmilkah-1</i> hybrid flies suffered homeotic transformation into an unsegmented tarsus. The tarsal structures of the <i>ss^a40ahmmilkah-1</i> hybrids show altered segment fusion.</p

Effect of X-rays and pharmacological agents on Cyp6g1, GST-theta (CG1681) and ss mRNA expression.

<p>The relative level of expression of mRNA was measured using real-time PCR. A, B, C – level of mRNA expressed in <i>Canton S</i>, <i>ss^a40a</i> and <i>ss^aSc</i> flies respectively. As a control, we used RNA from flies, which have not been exposed to radiation (cont.). F, 5-HT – level of mRNA expressed in flies, grown on medium with added furazidin (F) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), respectively; R – radiation dose in Roentgens; 1-10R, level of expressed mRNA of the genes under study in flies irradiated with a dose of 1-10 R. F1-10R, 5-HT1-10R – level of expressed mRNA of the genes under study in flies grown on medium with added F or 5-HT and radiated with 1-10 R, respectively. The bars show the level of mRNA expression. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean of triplicate experiments. * - P<0.05, compared to control group, - P<0.05, compared to F or 5-HT group.</p