7 research outputs found
foF2 seismo-ionospheric effect analysis: actual data and numerical simulations
Abstract. On the background of seasonal and helio-geomagnetic disturbances, disturbances of the ionization density near noon connected to earthquakes are investigated. The study is performed for some tens of earthquakes with magnitudes M>5 and depths h<70 km, which occur at distances from the vertical sounding stations "Tokyo", "Akita", and "Yamagawa" not larger than R=exp(M)+150 km. The analysis is performed using data registered by the three sounding stations every hour during 30 years. Especially methods of the statistical analysis are applied to search for regularities in the lithospheric-ionospheric links before and after earthquakes. The growth of the mean ionization density N at the F-layer electron density maximum Fof2 five-three days before earthquakes, and the decrease of N approaching the eruption and during a few days after the earthquake is investigated in dependence on both the magnitude of the earthquake M and the ionization density N near the F-layer maximum. It is found that some days before earthquakes the decrease of the ionization density ΞN is proportional to the values of M and N. After the earthquakes, ΞN depends much weaker on the magnitude M, and it is not influenced by the ionization density N. The variations of the ionization density three days before earthquakes do not depend on N and M (within the same order of approximation)
Day-time variations of foF2 connected to strong earthquakes
Abstract. The statistical analysis of the characteristic frequency foF2 of the Earth's ionosphere averaged over mid-day hours β from 11:00 till 17:00 h LT β is carried out. Disturbances of foF2 connected to earthquakes are considered on the background of seasonal, geomagnetic, 11-years and 27-days solar variations. A special normalized parameter F is introduced, which represents the almost seasonal-independent part of foF2. Days with high solar (Wolf number >100) and geomagnetic (βKp>30) activity are excluded from the analysis. Events with magnitude M>5, distance from the sounding station R5.5. The obtained phenomenon depends on the magnitude of the earthquake. For events with M>5.5, the reliability of the effect is larger than 95%. For data of more than 80 earthquakes in the vicinity of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and more than 200 earthquakes in the vicinity of Tokyo analogous results are obtained
ΠΠ¦ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ₯ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π£Π¨ΠΠΠΠ―Π Π Π‘ΠΠΠ©ΠΠΠΠ―Π Π Π‘ΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠΠ‘Π‘ΠΠΠΠ₯
Local rock dislocations and shifts, which occur due to strong seismic impacts, are studied. Natural cases under review include displacements that occurred after strong earthquakes in the 20th century and paleoseismic dislocations revealed by the authors in the crustal rocks in the south-eastern (Russian) part of the Fennoscandia shield. The major goal of the study was to determine parameters of the paleoseismic events in terms of intensity, I, and magnitude, M. Two independent options were used: (1) estimation with reference to similar cases in the instrumental measurements period and to the currently applied scaling systems, and (2) introduction of physical characteristics of disturbances of particular types and habitus and fixed values of displacements of the rock blocks. Numerous local disturbances of the rock massifs with significant rock shifts were systematically reviewed as a set of standard models. Values of mass velocities of seismic impacts (peak ground velocities, PGV), which were needed for initiation of the revealed dislocations, were estimated. In many cases, PGV values were above 1 m/sec, i.e. considerably higher than values conventionally accepted (for ground conditions). For clarifications, data on strong movements and explosions were used, and the whole set of data was found reasonably consistent. It was concluded that the cases with PGV>1 m/sec corresponded to focal areas of earthquakes with M>6 (mainly in the deglaciation period). A graphical chart is proposed for estimation of magnitudes and hypocentral distances of initiating earthquakes in case of maximum PGV within a range from 0.01 to 5.00 m/sec. Based on the graphical chart, parameters are estimated for earthquakes that might have caused the dislocations observed on the main sites of the region under study.Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Β ΡΠ³ΠΎ-Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ° (ΠΏΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²). ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π° Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, I, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Ρ, M) ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, c ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π» (1) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, Π³Π°Π±ΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² (2). Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 1 ΠΌ/Ρ, Ρ.Π΅. ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π·ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠ΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ >1 ΠΌ/Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΠΌ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ M>6 (Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅Π³Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ). ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡ 0.01 Π΄ΠΎ 5.00 ΠΌ/Ρ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°
Post-seismic relaxation from geodetic and seismic data
We have examined the aftershock sequence and the post-seismic deformation process of the Parkfield earthquake (2004, MΒ =Β 6, California, USA) source area using GPS data. This event was chosen because of the possibility of joint analysis of data from the rather dense local GPS network (from SOPAC Internet archive) and of the availability of the rather detailed aftershock sequence data (http://www.ncedc.org/ncedc/catalog-search.html). The relaxation process of post-seismic deformation prolongs about the same 400 days as the seismic aftershock process does. Thus, the aftershock process and the relaxation process in deformation could be the different sides of the same process. It should be noted that the ratio of the released seismic energy and of the GPS obtained deformation is quite different for the main shock and for the aftershock stage. The ratio of the released seismic energy to the deformation value decreases essentially for the post-shock process. The similar change in the seismic energy/deformation value ratio is valid in a few other strong earthquakes. Thus, this decrease seems typical of aftershock sequences testifying for decrease of ratio of elastic to inelastic deformation in the process of post-shock relaxation when the source area appears to be mostly fractured after the main shock occurs, but the healing process had no yet sufficient time to develop
SEISMIC IMPACT ESTIMATION FROM DATA ON DEFORMATIONS AND DISPLACEMENTS IN ROCK MASSIFS
Local rock dislocations and shifts, which occur due to strong seismic impacts, are studied. Natural cases under review include displacements that occurred after strong earthquakes in the 20th century and paleoseismic dislocations revealed by the authors in the crustal rocks in the south-eastern (Russian) part of the Fennoscandia shield. The major goal of the study was to determine parameters of the paleoseismic events in terms of intensity, I, and magnitude, M. Two independent options were used: (1) estimation with reference to similar cases in the instrumental measurements period and to the currently applied scaling systems, and (2) introduction of physical characteristics of disturbances of particular types and habitus and fixed values of displacements of the rock blocks. Numerous local disturbances of the rock massifs with significant rock shifts were systematically reviewed as a set of standard models. Values of mass velocities of seismic impacts (peak ground velocities, PGV), which were needed for initiation of the revealed dislocations, were estimated. In many cases, PGV values were above 1 m/sec, i.e. considerably higher than values conventionally accepted (for ground conditions). For clarifications, data on strong movements and explosions were used, and the whole set of data was found reasonably consistent. It was concluded that the cases with PGV>1 m/sec corresponded to focal areas of earthquakes with M>6 (mainly in the deglaciation period). A graphical chart is proposed for estimation of magnitudes and hypocentral distances of initiating earthquakes in case of maximum PGV within a range from 0.01 to 5.00 m/sec. Based on the graphical chart, parameters are estimated for earthquakes that might have caused the dislocations observed on the main sites of the region under study
NO-Dependent Mechanisms of p53 Expression and Cell Death in Ratβs Dorsal Root Ganglia after Sciatic-Nerve Transection
Peripheral-nerve injury is a frequent cause of disability. Presently, no clinically effective neuroprotectors have been found. We have studied the NO-dependent expression of p53 in the neurons and glial cells of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of a ratβs spinal cord, as well as the role of NO in the death of these cells under the conditions of axonal stress, using sciatic-nerve axotomy as a model. It was found out that axotomy led to the nuclearβcytoplasmic redistribution of p53 in neurons, 24 h after trauma. The NO donor led to a considerable increase in the level of p53 in nuclei and, to a smaller degree, in the cytoplasm of neurons and karyoplasm of glial cells 4 and 24 h after axotomy. Application of a selective inhibitor of inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) provided the opposite effect. Introduction of the NO donor resulted in a significant increase in cell death in the injured ipsilateral DRG, 24 h and 7 days after trauma. The selective inhibitor of iNOS demonstrated a neuroprotective effect. Axotomy was shown to upregulate the iNOS in nuclei and cytoplasm of DRG cells. The NO-dependent expression of p53, which is particularly achieved through iNOS activation, is believed to be a putative signaling mechanism of neural and glial-cell death after axotomy