Expression of HSP101 in shoots (A) and roots (C) of heat stressed creeping bentgrass under different N levels using immunoblot and correponding band intensity of HSP101 in shoots (B) and roots (D) using Bio-rad Quantity One software.

<p>T1, T2, T3, and T4 represents the treatments of no N, low N, medium N, and high N, respectively. Shoot samples of low N treatment (T2) were omitted in protein gel blot analysis in order to accommodate all the samples across different sampling days on a same gel.M: protein standard for molecular weight; C: sample before heat stress. Equal amounts of protein (40 µg) were loaded to each lane. Solid arrow indicates the HSP, and the open arrow(s) indicate protein standard. Bars indicate standard error of means of different samples in replicate treatments (n = 3).</p

Expression of sHSP in shoots (A) and roots (C) of heat stressed creeping bentgrass under different N levels using immunoblot and correponding band intensity of sHSP in shoots (B) and roots (D) using Bio-rad Quantity One software.

<p>T1, T2, T3, and T4 represents the treatments of no N, low N, medium N, and high N, respectively. Shoot samples of low N treatment (T2) were omitted in protein gel blot analysis in order to accommodate all the samples across different sampling days on a same gel.M: protein standard for molecular weight; C: sample before heat stress. Equal amounts of protein (30 µg) were loaded to each lane. Solid arrow indicate the HSP, and the open arrow(s) indicate protein standard. Bars indicate standard error of means of different samples in replicate treatments (n = 3).</p

Effects of different N levels on turfgrass quality (TQ) (A), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (B), and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm)(C)of creeping bentgrass under heat stress.

<p>Means followed by the same letters at each sampling day are not significantly different based on LSD test at <i>p</i> = 0.05 level, except TQ (Day 36) at <i>p</i> = 0.1 level. Day50: Fifty days after heat stress.</p

Expression of HSP90 in shoots (A) and roots (C) of heat stressed creeping bentgrass under different N levels using immunoblot and correponding band intensity of HSP90 in shoots (B) and roots (D) using Bio-rad Quantity One software.

<p>T1, T2, T3, and T4 represents the treatments of no N, low N, medium N, and high N, respectively. Shoot samples of low N treatment (T2) were omitted in protein gel blot analysis in order to accommodate all the samples across different sampling days on a same gel.M: protein standard for molecular weight; C: sample before heat stress. Equal amounts of protein (40 µg) were loaded to each lane. Solid arrow indicates the HSP, and the open arrow(s) indicate protein standard. Bars indicate standard error of means of different samples in replicate treatments (n = 3).</p

Mean squares from the analysis of variance of turfgrass quality (TQ), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI),photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), shoot electrolyte leakage (ShEL), and root viability (RV) in creeping bentgrass treated with different levels of nitrogen under heat stress.

<p>**, * mean significant level at <i>p</i><0.01 and 0.05, respectively.</p

Effects of different N levels on shoot electrolyte leakage (ShEL) (A) and root viability (RV) (B) of creeping bentgrass under heat stress.

<p>Means followed by the same letters at each sampling day are not significantly different based on LSD test at <i>p</i> = 0.05 level. Day50: Fifty days after heat stress.</p