3,151 research outputs found
NCR+ ILC3 maintain larger STAT4 reservoir via T-BET to regulate type 1 features upon IL-23 stimulation in mice
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) producing IL-22 and/or IL-17, designated as ILC3, comprise a heterogeneous subset of cells involved in regulation of gut barrier homeostasis and inflammation. Exogenous environmental cues in conjunction with regulated expression of endogenous factors are key determinants of plasticity of ILC3 towards the type 1 fate. Herein, by using mouse models and transcriptomic approaches, we defined at the molecular level, initial events driving ILC3 expressing natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR+ ILC3) to acquire type 1 features. We observed that NCR+ ILC3 exhibited high basal expression of the signal-dependent transcription factor STAT4 due to T-BET, leading to predisposed potential for the type 1 response. We found that the prototypical inducer of type 3 response, IL-23, played a predominant role over IL-12 by accessing STAT4 and preferentially inducing its phosphorylation in ILC3 expressing T-BET. The early effector program driven by IL-23 was characterized by the expression of IL-22, followed by a production of IFN-Îł, which relies on STAT4, T-BET and required chromatin remodeling of the Ifng locus. Altogether, our findings shed light on a feed-forward mechanism involving STAT4 and T-BET that modulates the outcome of IL-23 signaling in ILC3. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Effect of time and storing conditions on iron forms in ferrous gluconate and Ascofer
Antianemic medicament Ascofer and ferrous gluconate, its basic iron bearing
ingredient, were studied with the use of Mossbauer spectroscopy. Room
temperature spectra gave a clear evidence that two phases of iron were present
viz. ferrous (Fe2+) as a major one with a contribution of 85+-5%, and ferric
(Fe3+) whose contribution was found to be 15+-5%. However, the actual values of
the contributions of the two kind of the iron ions in Ascofer depend on
sample's age: the abundance of Fe2+ ions increases with time by 10% after 51
months, while that of Fe3+ decreases by the same amount. This means that an
internal reduction of Fe3+ ions takes place. Ferrous ions were shown to occupy
at least two different sites. In Ascofer, the relative abundance of the two
sites does not depend on the age of sample, while in the gluconate the
population of site 1 increases and that of site 2 decreases with the age of the
sample.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figure
Optimal control for maximally creating and maintaining a superposition state of a two-level system under the influence of Markovian decoherence
Reducing decoherence is an essential step toward realizing general-purpose
quantum computers beyond the present noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ)
computers. To this end, dynamical decoupling (DD) approaches in which external
fields are applied to qubits are often adopted. We numerically study DD using a
two-level model system (qubit) under the influence of Markovian decoherence by
using quantum optimal control theory with slightly modified settings, in which
the physical objective is to maximally create and maintain a specified
superposition state in a specified control period. An optimal pulse is
numerically designed while systematically varying the values of dephasing,
population decay, pulse fluence, and control period as well as using two kinds
of objective functionals. Although the decrease in purity due to the
decoherence gives rise to the upper limit of the target expectation value,
i.e., the saturated value, the optimally shaped pulse effectively deals with
the decoherence by gradually creating the target superposition state to realize
the saturated value as much as possible.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures, and 34 reference
SiO Emission in the Multi-Lobe Outflow associated with IRAS 16293-2422
We have mapped the thermal emission line of SiO (v = 0; J = 2-1) associated
with the quadrupolar molecular outflow driven by the very cold far-infrared
source IRAS 16293-2422. The SiO emission is significantly enhanced in the
northeastern red lobe and at the position ~50" east of the IRAS source. Strong
SiO emission observed at ~50" east of the IRAS source presents evidence for a
dynamical interaction between a part of the eastern blue lobe and the dense
ambient gas condensation, however, such an interaction is unlikely to be
responsible for producing the quadrupolar morphology. The SiO emission in the
northeastern red lobe shows the spatial and velocity structure similar to those
of the CO outflow, suggesting that the SiO emission comes from the molecular
outflow in the northeastern red lobe itself. The observed velocity structure is
reproduced by a simple spatio-kinematic model of bow shock with a shock
velocity of 19-24 km/s inclined by 30-45 deg from the plane of the sky. This
implies that the northeastern red lobe is independent of the eastern blue lobe
and that the quadrupolar structure is due to two separate bipolar outflows.
The SiO emission observed in the western red lobe has a broad pedestal shape
with low intensity. Unlike the SiO emission in the northeastern red lobe, the
spatial extent of the SiO emission in the western red lobe is restricted to its
central region. The spatial and velocity structures and the line profiles
suggest that three different types of the SiO emission are observed in this
outflow; the SiO emission arises from the interface between the outflowing gas
and the dense ambient gas clump, the SiO emission coming from the outflow lobe
itself, and the broad SiO emission with low intensity observed at the central
region of the outflow lobe.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures (figures 1 and 4 are color), gzipped tar file, To
appear in the Ap
Developmental Acquisition of Regulomes Underlies Innate Lymphoid Cell Functionality
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play key roles in host defense, barrier integrity, and homeostasis and mirror adaptive CD4(+) T helper (Th) cell subtypes in both usage of effector molecules and transcription factors. To better understand the relationship between ILC subsets and their Th cell counterparts, we measured genome-wide chromatin accessibility. We find that chromatin in proximity to effector genes is selectively accessible in ILCs prior to high-level transcription upon activation. Accessibility of these regions is acquired in a stepwise manner during development and changes little after in vitro or in vivo activation. Conversely, dramatic chromatin remodeling occurs in naive CD4(+) T cells during Th cell differentiation using a type-2-infection model. This alteration results in a substantial convergence of Th2 cells toward ILC2 regulomes. Our data indicate extensive sharing of regulatory circuitry across the innate and adaptive compartments of the immune system, in spite of their divergent developing pathways
A new infrared band in the Interstellar and Circumstellar Clouds: C_4 or C_4H?
We report on the detection with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) of a
molecular band at 57.5 microns (174 cm^{-1}) in carbon-rich evolved stars and
in Sgr B2. Taking into account the chemistry of these objects the most
likelihood carrier is a carbon chain. We tentatively assign the band to the
nu_5 bending mode of C_4 for which a wavenumber of 170-172.4 cm^{-1} has been
derived in matrix experiments (Withey et al. 1991). An alternate carrier might
be C_4H, although the frequency of its lowest energy vibrational bending mode,
nu_7, is poorly known (130-226 cm^{-1}). If the carrier is C_4, the derived
maximum abundance is nearly similar to that found for C_3 in the interstellar
and circumstellar media by Cernicharo, Goicoechea & Caux (2000). Hence,
tetra-atomic carbon could be one of the most abundant carbon chain molecules in
these media.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figure, accepted in ApJ Letter
A novel route to phase formation of cobalt oxyhydrates using KMnO4 as an oxidizing agent
We have first succeefully synthesized the sodium cobalt oxyhydrate
superconductors using KMnO4 as a de-intercalating and oxidizing agent. It is a
novel route to form the superconductive phase of NaxCoO2.yH2O without resorting
to the commonly used Br2/CH3CN solution. The role of the KMnO4 is to
de-intercalate the Na+ from the parent compound Na0.7CoO2 and oxidize the Co
ion as a result. The higher molar ratio of KMnO4 relative to the sodium content
tends to remove more Na+ from the parent compound and results in a slight
expansion of the c-axis in the unit cell. The superconducting transition
temperature is 4.6-3.8 K for samples treated by the aqueous KMnO4 solution with
the molar ratio of KMnO4 relative to the sodium content in the range of 0.3 and
2.29.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure
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