Total number of parents and number of parents whose child died and the proportion with purchases of psychotropic medication in 1997–2012.

<p>Total number of parents and number of parents whose child died and the proportion with purchases of psychotropic medication in 1997–2012.</p

Fathers’ and mothers’ use of psychotropic medication (percent with 95% Cis) four years before and after the death of a child by medication type (antidepressants, anxiolytics and antipsychotics).

<p>Adjusted for parental age, calendar year, number of children in the family under the ages of 7–18, health care district, living arrangements, education, occupation based on social class and household income per consumption unit.</p

Measurement points for different factors in the study.

<p>Measurement points for different factors in the study.</p

Parental use of psychotropic medication (percent with 95% Cis) four years before and after the death of a child by medication type (antidepressants, anxiolytics and antipsychotics) and cause of death of a child.

<p>Adjusted for parental age and sex, calendar year, number of children under the ages of 7 and 18, health care district, living arrangements, education, occupation based on social class and household income per consumption unit.</p

Characteristics of persons with and without sibling loss.

<p>% refers to percentage of total risk time. Deaths refer to deaths from stroke. Rate is number of deaths per person years multiplied by 1,000.</p><p>Descriptive statistics for region of residence and calendar year are not displayed.</p><p>Of all sibling deaths, 4.9% were due to stroke and 15.5% were due to an external cause. Stroke refers to ICD 8 and ICD 9 codes 430–438, and ICD 10 codes I60–I69. External cause refers to ICD 8 codes E800–E999, ICD 9 codes E807–E999, and ICD 10 codes V01-Y98.</p

Use of psychotropic medication (percent with 95% Cis) four years before and after the death of a child among parents whose child died by the age of child at death and by medication type (antidepressants, anxiolytics and antipsychotics) and cause of death of a child.

<p>Adjusted for parental age and sex, calendar year, number of children under the ages of 7 and 18, health care district, living arrangements, education, occupation based on social class and household income per consumption unit.</p

Mortality in Adult Offspring of Immigrants: A Swedish National Cohort Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Higher risks of psychiatric disorders and lower-than-average subjective health in adulthood have been demonstrated in offspring of immigrants in Sweden compared with offspring of native Swedes, and linked to relative socioeconomic disadvantage. The present study investigated mortality rates in relation to this inequity from a gender perspective.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We used data from national registers covering the entire Swedish population aged 18-65 years. Offspring of foreign-born parents who were either Swedish born or had received residency in Sweden before school age (<7 years) were defined as “offspring of immigrants.” We used Cox regression models to examine the association between parental country of birth and mortality between 1990 and 2008, with adjustment for education, income, age and family type.</p><p>Results</p><p>Male offspring of immigrants from the Middle East (HR:2.00, CI:1.66-2.26), other non-European countries (HR:1.80, CI:1.36-2.36) and Finland (HR:1.56, CI:1.48-1.65) showed an age-adjusted excess mortality risk from all causes of death when compared to offspring with Swedish-born parents. Income, but not education, greatly attenuated these increased mortality risks. No excess mortality rates were found among female offspring of immigrants, with the exception of external cause of death among offspring of Finnish immigrants.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The study demonstrates high mortality rates in male offspring of immigrants from Finland and non-European countries that are associated with economic, but not educational, disadvantage. No increased mortality rates were found among female offspring of immigrants. Future studies are needed to explain this gender differential and why income, but not education, predicts mortality in male offspring of immigrants.</p></div

Random effects logistic regression: Odds ratios and average marginal effects for daily smoking by gender.

<p>Random effects logistic regression: Odds ratios and average marginal effects for daily smoking by gender.</p

Additional file 1: of The role of social capital in explaining mental health inequalities between immigrants and Swedish-born: a population-based cross-sectional study

Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals of the association between social capital and psychological distress, stratified by immigrant status. The results for men and women are presented separately. (PDF 322 kb

Gender-specific interactions between social network characteristics and ego-alter relationship in smoking by age: Predicted probabilities based on contrasts of average marginal effects with 95% confidence intervals.

<p>Coefficient lines show the discrete change of egos’ smoking probability when alters smoke relative to their probability when alters are nonsmokers (reference y = 0). All network covariates were implemented as continuous variables.</p