Ratio of means and 95% confidence interval for comparing bone mineral content or density in urban and rural populations in high income countries.

<p>Symbol sizes are proportional to sample sizes. The overall effect size was derived from a random-effects model. LS: lumbar spine. WB: whole body. F: female. M: male.</p

Flow diagram of study selection process from initial search to included studies.

<p>Flow diagram of study selection process from initial search to included studies.</p

Study characteristics of the included articles.

<p>LMIC: low and middle income countries; HIC: high income countries; SPA: single photon absorptiometry; SXA: single-energy x-ray absorptiometry; DXA: dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; U: Urban; R: Rural</p><p>Study characteristics of the included articles.</p

Additional file 1: of Perceived access and barriers to care among illicit drug users and hazardous drinkers: findings from the Seek, Test, Treat, and Retain data harmonization initiative (STTR)

Supplemetal Tables S6 (Summary of the STTR studies included in this study), S7 (Comparison of proportions reporting no or low social support by gender and HIV status), S8 (Comparison of proportions reporting low perceived access to care and greater barriers to care by gender and HIV status), S9 (Multivariable regression models assessing association of drug use and hazardous drinking with the mediator variable (social support), stratified by HIV status). (DOCX 23 kb

Additional file 1: of Development and evaluation of the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parent Study Physical Activity Questionnaire (APCAPS-PAQ): a cross-sectional study

A flowchart of recruitment and participation for criterion and construct validity studies for the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study Physical Activity Questionnaire (APCAPS-PAQ) in 2009-2010. (PDF 39 kb

Characteristics of the participants of the Andhra Pradesh Parents and Children Study (2009–2012).

<p>Characteristics of the participants of the Andhra Pradesh Parents and Children Study (2009–2012).</p

Description of mean hip bone mineral density, osteopenia (%), and osteoporosis (%) by sex and age groups for the participants of the Andhra Pradesh Parents and Children Study (2009–2012).

<p>Description of mean hip bone mineral density, osteopenia (%), and osteoporosis (%) by sex and age groups for the participants of the Andhra Pradesh Parents and Children Study (2009–2012).</p

Association of hip bone mineral density (BMD) and fat and lean mass in the participants of the Andhra Pradesh Parents and Children Study (2009–2012).

<p>Association of hip bone mineral density (BMD) and fat and lean mass in the participants of the Andhra Pradesh Parents and Children Study (2009–2012).</p

Key characteristics of APCAPS participants with a serum vitamin D result (n = 1038) compared to APCAPS participants without a serum vitamin D result (n = 408); 2009–10.

<p>Values are means. P-values are based on unpaired t-tests for heterogeneity in means, with appropriate degrees of freedom</p><p>Key characteristics of APCAPS participants with a serum vitamin D result (n = 1038) compared to APCAPS participants without a serum vitamin D result (n = 408); 2009–10.</p

Distribution of socio-demographic and biological characteristics of APCAPS participants (n = 1038), 2009–10.

<p>All values are means(SD) unless otherwise stated.</p><p>MVPA = Moderate or Vigorous Physical Activity; 25(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃, IMT = Intima-Media Thickness, HDL = High-density lipoprotein, LDL = Low-density lipoprotein</p><p>* We used a cut-off of ≤20ng/ml to define deficiency (equal to 50nmol/l) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0129468#pone.0129468.ref018" target="_blank">18</a>].</p><p>^† p-values are based on unpaired t-tests for heterogeneity in means, with appropriate degrees of freedom.</p><p>^‡ non-normal distribution; median (inter-quartile range) presented, and p-values are based on Mann-Whitney rank-sum tests for equality.</p><p>^Ф Analysis of fasting glucose, insulin, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol exclude participants who did not fast (n = 36)</p><p>^§ Smoking status; former user = ceased use >6 months ago; current user = used in the last 6 months.</p><p>^¶ Manual occupations include roles such as labourers, craftsmen, servants, postal staff and farmers; professional occupations include role such as teachers, accountants, clinicians, business owners and engineers.</p><p>Distribution of socio-demographic and biological characteristics of APCAPS participants (n = 1038), 2009–10.</p