Links between shift work and type 2 diabetes.

<p>Links between shift work and type 2 diabetes.</p

Identification of relevant publications.

<p>Identification of relevant publications.</p

Development of risk prediction tools for predicting hypertension.

<p>ARIC: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, BMI: body mass index; BP: Blood pressure, CHS: Cardiovascular Health Study, CVD: cardiovascular disease, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, DM; diabetes mellitus, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, HF: heart failure, HDL-cholesterol: High Density Lipoprotein -Cholesterol, IDI: Integrative Discriminative Index, HTN: hypertension, Hx: history, NA: Not applicable, NRI: Net reclassification Index, NR: not reported,, SBP: systolic blood pressure, SD: standard deviation, WC: waist circumference, WHR: waist to hip ratio.</p>*<p>average of the current and previous blood pressure measurements from different time points and entered this, instead of current and previous blood pressure measurements, in the risk prediction score.</p>**<p>Usual systolic and diastolic blood pressures at the previous time point according to the following formula: UBPi = BPbm+ [RDR× (BPbi-BPbm)], where UBPi refers to each participant’s usual blood pressure, BPbm to the average blood pressure in the population, RDR to the regression: dilution ratio, and BPbi to the participant’s blood pressure. The regression: dilution ratio for a non-hypertensive population by using the mean values of the previous and current blood pressures, which were computed within quartiles of the previous blood pressure. The difference in mean blood pressure between the lowest and highest quartiles for the previous blood pressure and the current blood pressures were calculated and their ratio used to estimate the regression: dilution ratio.</p

External validation of risk prediction tools for hypertension.

<p>AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; CI; confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HL: Hosmer-Lemeshow; IDI: Integrative Discriminative Index; NA: not applicable; NR: Not reported; NRI: Net Reclassification Index; SBP, systolic blood pressure.</p

Age- and sex-adjusted associations between baseline covariates and a major depressive episode at follow-up, the Whitehall II study, 1991–9.

<p>CI = Confidence interval.</p

Supplementary Information files for: Contribution of 20-year body mass index and waist circumference history to poor cardiometabolic health in overweight/obese and normal weight adults: a cohort study

Supplementary Information files for: Contribution of 20-year body mass index and waist circumference history to poor cardiometabolic health in overweight/obese and normal weight adults: a cohort studyBackground and Aims: We investigated the associations of 20-year body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) histories with risk of being 1) metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUOO) vs metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHOO) and 2) metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) vs metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW). Methods and Results: Participants comprised 3,018 adults (2,280 males; 738 females) with BMI and WC measured, every ~5 years, in 1991-1994, 1997-1999, 2002-2004, 2007-2009, and 2012-2013. Mean age in 2012-2013 was 69.3 years, with a range of 59.7-82.2 years. Duration was defined as the number of times a person was overweight/obese (or centrally obese) across the 5 visits, severity as each person’s mean BMI (or WC), and variability as the within-person standard deviation of BMI (or WC). At the 2013-2013 visit, participants were categorised based on their weight (overweight/obese or normal weight; body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 ) and health status (healthy or unhealthy; two or more of hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglycerides, high glucose, and high homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance). Logistic regression was used to estimate associations with the risk of being MUNW (reference MHNW) and MUOO (reference MHOO) at the last visit. BMI and WC severity were each related to increased risk of being unhealthy, with estimates being stronger among normal weight than overweight/obese adults. The estimates for variability exposures became null upon adjustment for severity. Individuals who were overweight/obese at all 5 time points had a 1.60 (0.96-2.67) times higher risk of being MUOO than MHOO compared to those who were only overweight/obese at one (i.e., the last) time point. The corresponding estimate for central obesity was 4.20 (2.88-6.12). Greater duration was also related to higher risk of MUNW than MHNW. Conclusion: Being overweight/obese yet healthy seems to be partially attributable to lower exposure to adiposity across 20 years of adulthood. The results highlight the importance of maintaining optimum and stable BMI and WC, both in adults who become and do not become overweight/obese.<br

Association between working hours at baseline and a major depressive episode at follow-up, the Whitehall II study, 1991-9.

<p>*Unadjusted.</p>†<p>Adjusted for age and sex.</p>‡<p>As previous model but additionally adjusted for occupational grade and marital status.</p>§<p>As previous model but additionally adjusted for chronic physical disease, smoking, and alcohol use.</p>¶<p>As previous model but additionally adjusted for job strain and social support at work.</p><p>CI = Confidence interval.</p

Contribution of 20-year body mass index and waist circumference history to poor cardiometabolic health in overweight/obese and normal weight adults: a cohort study

Background and Aims: We investigated the associations of 20-year body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) histories with risk of being 1) metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUOO) vs metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHOO) and 2) metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) vs metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW).Methods and Results: Participants comprised 3,018 adults (2,280 males; 738 females) with BMI and WC measured, every ~5 years, in 1991-1994, 1997-1999, 2002-2004, 2007-2009, and 2012-2013. Mean age in 2012-2013 was 69.3 years, with a range of 59.7-82.2 years. Duration was defined as the number of times a person was overweight/obese (or centrally obese) across the 5 visits, severity as each person’s mean BMI (or WC), and variability as the within-person standard deviation of BMI (or WC). At the 2013-2013 visit, participants were categorised based on their weight (overweight/obese or normal weight; body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2) and health status (healthy or unhealthy; two or more of hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglycerides, high glucose, and high homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance). Logistic regression was used to estimate associations with the risk of being MUNW (reference MHNW) and MUOO (reference MHOO) at the last visit. BMI and WC severity were each related to increased risk of being unhealthy, with estimates being stronger among normal weight than overweight/obese adults. The estimates for variability exposures became null upon adjustment for severity. Individuals who were overweight/obese at all 5 time points had a 1.60 (0.96-2.67) times higher risk of being MUOO than MHOO compared to those who were only overweight/obese at one (i.e., the last) time point. The corresponding estimate for central obesity was 4.20 (2.88-6.12). Greater duration was also related to higher risk of MUNW than MHNW.Conclusion: Being overweight/obese yet healthy seems to be partially attributable to lower exposure to adiposity across 20 years of adulthood. The results highlight the importance of maintaining optimum and stable BMI and WC, both in adults who become and do not become overweight/obese.</div

Risk Estimates (RR) and Their 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for Men's Poor Self-Rated Health Comparing Deceased Cases to Surviving Controls at 11–12 and 1–2 Years Prior to Death.

<p><i>Notes</i>: Model 1 is adjusted for age; Model 2 is additionally adjusted for education, wealth and marital status; Model 3 is additionally adjusted for BMI, smoking and blood pressure; Model 4 is additionally adjusted for heart disease, stroke, lung disease, cancer, diabetes, and psychiatric disease.</p><p>* model fails to converge.</p><p>Risk Estimates (RR) and Their 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for Men's Poor Self-Rated Health Comparing Deceased Cases to Surviving Controls at 11–12 and 1–2 Years Prior to Death.</p

Estimated prevalence of poor self-rated health during the 12 years prior to death in deceased cases and surviving controls by age groups.

<p>Panel A: men, Panel B: women.</p