The Yeast Fermentation Effect on Content of Bioactive, Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Factors in Rapeseed Meal

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the content of bioactive, nutritional and anti-nutritional factors in rapeseed meal that was fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces boulardii yeasts at two different periods of time, for improvement of nutritional characteristics in piglets’ feeding. The fermentation has reduced the content of two anti-nutritional factors, intact glucosinolates and 3-butyl isothiocyanate, by 51.60–66.04% and 55.21–63.39%, respectively, by fermentation with either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces boulardii for 24 h. The fermentation by these yeasts also lowered the content of total polyphenolic compounds by 21.58–23.55% and antioxidant activity (DPPH) by 17.03–21.07%. Furthermore, the content of carbohydrates and organic acids has dramatically decreased between 89.20 and 98.35% and between 31.48 and 77.18%, respectively. However, the content of some individual phenolic acids (gallic, p-coumaric, sinapic) and crude protein content (10–13%) has been increased. Thus, the results showed that fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces boulardii has reduced the content of antinutritive factors and increased the protein content of the rapeseed meal, without major adverse effects on its overall nutritive value

Grape seed meal by-product is able to counteract oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide and dextran sulphate in IPEC cells and piglets after weaning

Oxidative stress is a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation, leading to cellular damage and tissue injury. Natural antioxidants compounds found in agro-industrial by-products have proven their effectiveness in treatment of intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, exhibiting many favourable effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of a grape seed meal byproduct (GSM) to counteract the effects induced by E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5μg/ml) in vitro on IPEC-1 cells and by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS, 1g/b.w./day) in vivo on piglets after weaning. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-oxidant markers (malondialdehyde MDA, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TBARS, protein carbonyl, DNA oxidative damage) antioxidant enzymes (catalase -CAT, superoxide dismutase -SOD, glutathione peroxidase -GPx, endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases -eNOS and iNOS) and several important components of Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway were analysed in IPEC-1 cells as well as in piglet’s colon and lymph nodes. Our results demonstrated that GSM extract or 8% dietary GSM showed anti-oxidant properties counteracting the pro-oxidant response (ROS, MDA-TBARS, protein carbonyl, DNA/RNA damage) induced by LPS or DSS and restoring the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, including CAT, SOD, GPx, eNOS and iNOS in colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. These beneficial effects were modulated via Nrf2 signalling pathway in both in vitro and in vivo studies

Combined Effects of Parsnip Fermented Juice and Hawthorn Extract Regarding Pork Mince Stability: Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Aspects

Parsnip fermented juice (PFJ) and hawthorn extract (HE) were identified as natural nitrite and antioxidant sources for pork mince. This study aimed to determine the effects of varying levels of HE added to a constant concentration of PFJ on lipids stability, heme pigment conversion degree, residual nitrite content, and spoilage bacteria growth, during refrigeration, compared with the combined effect of synthetic nitrite and sodium ascorbate (SA). Pork mince was formulated in six different ways with sterile distilled water (NC), 100 ppm synthetic nitrite and 50 ppm SA (PC), PFJ in the concentration of 100 ppm NO2− (T1), constant level of PFJ (100 ppm NO2−), and increased level of HE, 50, 25 and 10 ppm GAE (T2, T3 and T4). During the experiment, pH increased for all the treatments, but the addition of PFJ alone or in combination with HE, it was maintained below the NC pH value. The lowest TBARS values and the highest PUFA concentrations were found in the T3, T4, and PC treatments. Of all the samples, the lowest residual nitrite values were found for T2. The highest NO-heme values were found for T2 and PC. After 9 days of storage, TVC results were higher than 5.69 logs CFU/g for all treatments. Overall, the obtained results showed that the combination of HE and PFJ could be a promising natural preservative for minced meat that could replace synthetic preservatives

S1 Raw images -

Oxidative stress is a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation, leading to cellular damage and tissue injury. Natural antioxidants compounds found in agro-industrial by-products have proven their effectiveness in treatment of intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, exhibiting many favourable effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of a grape seed meal byproduct (GSM) to counteract the effects induced by E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5μg/ml) in vitro on IPEC-1 cells and by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS, 1g/b.w./day) in vivo on piglets after weaning. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-oxidant markers (malondialdehyde MDA, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TBARS, protein carbonyl, DNA oxidative damage) antioxidant enzymes (catalase -CAT, superoxide dismutase -SOD, glutathione peroxidase -GPx, endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases -eNOS and iNOS) and several important components of Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway were analysed in IPEC-1 cells as well as in piglet’s colon and lymph nodes. Our results demonstrated that GSM extract or 8% dietary GSM showed anti-oxidant properties counteracting the pro-oxidant response (ROS, MDA-TBARS, protein carbonyl, DNA/RNA damage) induced by LPS or DSS and restoring the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, including CAT, SOD, GPx, eNOS and iNOS in colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. These beneficial effects were modulated via Nrf2 signalling pathway in both in vitro and in vivo studies.</div

Composition and antioxidant activity of GSM extract.

Composition and antioxidant activity of GSM extract.</p

Fig 2 -

The effects of GSM on the antioxidant genes expression (A) and antioxidant activity (B, C, D) in IPEC-1 cells. IPEC-1 cells were incubated with the following treatments: Control = untreated cells; LPS = cells treated with LPS (5μg/ml) + 100 μL culture media, 24h; GSM = cells pre-incubated 4h without LPS and treated after with 100 μL (50μg/mL) of GSM phenolic extract; LPS + GSM = cells pre-incubated with LPS (5μg/ml) 4 h and treated after with 100 μL (50μg/mL) of GSM phenolic extract 24h; EGCG = cells pre-incubated 4h without LPS and treated after with 100 μL (23μg/ml) EGCG; LPS + EGCG = cells pre-incubated with LPS (5μg/ml) 4 h and treated after with 100 μL (23μg/ml) EGCG, 24h. Results are presented as means ± standard errors, from three experimental series. a, b, c = Histograms for each group with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.050). The enzyme activities were expressed as: μmol/ml (CAT), U/ml (SOD), μmol/ml (TAC). The heatmap (the upper right panel) represents antioxidant gene expression levels in experimental groups of cells. The magnitude of gene expression level is represented by a colour scale (top) going from low (blue) to high (red).</p

Fig 5 -

Effect of DSS and dietary GSM treatment on antioxidant gene expression in colon (A), and mesenteric lymph nodes (B) and on enzyme activity and TCA in colon (C) and lymph nodes (D). Unchallenged and DSS-treated pigs were assigned for 30 days to a Control diet (Control and DSS groups) or 8% GSM diet (GSM and DSS + GSM groups). At the end of the experiment, colon and lymph nodes samples from all animals (n = 5) were collected and analysed for gene expression (qPCR), enzymes activity and total antioxidant capacity (TCA). The enzyme activities were expressed as: μmol/min/g tissue (CAT and GPx), U/g tissue (SOD), μmol/g tissue (TAC). Results are presented as means ± standard errors. a, b, c = Histograms for each group with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.050). The heatmap (upper right panels) represents gene expression levels in colon (A-right panel) and mesenteric lymph nodes (B–right panel). The blue and red colours correspond to low and high gene expression, respectively.</p

The sequences of primers used for qPCR amplification.

The sequences of primers used for qPCR amplification.</p

Effect of DSS and GSM diet on ROS and TBARS levels in colon and mesenteric lymph nodes.

Unchallenged and DSS-challenged pigs were assigned for 30 days to a control diet (Control and DSS groups) or 8% GSM diet (GSM and DSS + GSM groups). At the end of the experiment, colon and lymph nodes samples from all animals (n = 5) were collected and analysed for ROS and TBARS Results are presented as means ± standard errors. a, b, c = Histograms for each group with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.050).</p

Expression of Nrf2 protein in cytoplasmic and nuclear lysates of colon and mesenteric lymph nodes under DSS and GSM action.

Expression of Nrf2 protein in cytoplasmic and nuclear lysates of colon and mesenteric lymph nodes under DSS and GSM action.</p