Age-standardized YLL, YLD, and DALY rates (95% UI) and country ranks (from best to worst) for Poland and other Central European countries, for both sexes combined, males, and females, in 1990 and 2017.

Age-standardized YLL, YLD, and DALY rates (95% UI) and country ranks (from best to worst) for Poland and other Central European countries, for both sexes combined, males, and females, in 1990 and 2017.</p

Changes in disease burden in Poland between 1990–2017 in comparison with other Central European countries: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 - Fig 1

Age-standardized rates in 2017 (left) and relative (%) change from 1990 to 2017 (right) for YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs for males, females, and both sexes combined for Poland, Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and Western Europe.</p

Changes in disease burden in Poland between 1990–2017 in comparison with other Central European countries: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 - Fig 3

Leading Level 4 causes of YLLs (a), YLDs (b), and DALYs (c) in Central European countries, with the ratio of observed to expected (OER) age-standardized rates by location: (a) YLLs, (b) YLDs, (c) DALYs. Colors represent OER ranges: 0–0.54 = blue, 0.55–0.69 = green, 0.70–0.84 = light green, 0.85–0.99 = yellow green, 1.0 = white, 1.01–1.24 = dark yellow, 1.25–1.66 = orange, 1.67–2.91 = dark orange, 2.92+ = red.</p

Observed-to-expected ratios for age-standardized YLL, YLD, and DALY rates for both sexes from all causes in Central European countries in 2017.

Observed-to-expected ratios for age-standardized YLL, YLD, and DALY rates for both sexes from all causes in Central European countries in 2017.</p

Ranking of Central European countries according to all-cause DALY rates for both sexes combined in 1990 and 2017, by age categories.

Ranking of Central European countries according to all-cause DALY rates for both sexes combined in 1990 and 2017, by age categories.</p

Ranking of CE countries according to age-standardized DALY rates, for both sexes combined, in 1990 and 2017.

Ranking of CE countries according to age-standardized DALY rates, for both sexes combined, in 1990 and 2017.</p

All-age rates, percentage contribution, and relative (%) change for Level 1 causes of YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs for Poland and Central Europe, both sexes combined, in 1990 and 2017.

All-age rates, percentage contribution, and relative (%) change for Level 1 causes of YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs for Poland and Central Europe, both sexes combined, in 1990 and 2017.</p

Top 25 Level 3 causes of YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs in Poland in 2017 for both sexes combined, males, and females, and changes in ranks, counts, all-age rates, and age-standardized rates between 1990 and 2017.

Top 25 Level 3 causes of YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs in Poland in 2017 for both sexes combined, males, and females, and changes in ranks, counts, all-age rates, and age-standardized rates between 1990 and 2017.</p

Global and regional burden of cancer in 2016 arising from occupational exposure to selected carcinogens: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

ObjectivesThis study provides a detailed analysis of the global and regional burden of cancer due to occupational carcinogens from the Global Burden of Disease 2016 study.MethodsThe burden of cancer due to 14 International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 1 occupational carcinogens was estimated using the population attributable fraction, based on past population exposure prevalence and relative risks from the literature. The results were used to calculate attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).ResultsThere were an estimated 349 000 (95% Uncertainty Interval 269 000 to 427 000) deaths and 7.2 (5.8 to 8.6) million DALYs in 2016 due to exposure to the included occupational carcinogens—3.9% (3.2% to 4.6%) of all cancer deaths and 3.4% (2.7% to 4.0%) of all cancer DALYs; 79% of deaths were of males and 88% were of people aged 55 –79 years. Lung cancer accounted for 86% of the deaths, mesothelioma for 7.9% and laryngeal cancer for 2.1%. Asbestos was responsible for the largest number of deaths due to occupational carcinogens (63%); other important risk factors were secondhand smoke (14%), silica (14%) and diesel engine exhaust (5%). The highest mortality rates were in high-income regions, largely due to asbestos-related cancers, whereas in other regions cancer deaths from secondhand smoke, silica and diesel engine exhaust were more prominent. From 1990 to 2016, there was a decrease in the rate for deaths (−10%) and DALYs (−15%) due to exposure to occupational carcinogens.ConclusionsWork-related carcinogens are responsible for considerable disease burden worldwide. The results provide guidance for prevention and control initiatives

Global and regional burden of chronic respiratory disease in 2016 arising from non-infectious airborne occupational exposures: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

ObjectivesThis paper presents detailed analysis of the global and regional burden of chronic respiratory disease arising from occupational airborne exposures, as estimated in the Global Burden of Disease 2016 study.MethodsThe burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to occupational exposure to particulate matter, gases and fumes, and secondhand smoke, and the burden of asthma resulting from occupational exposure to asthmagens, was estimated using the population attributable fraction (PAF), calculated using exposure prevalence and relative risks from the literature. PAFs were applied to the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for COPD and asthma. Pneumoconioses were estimated directly from cause of death data. Age-standardised rates were based only on persons aged 15 years and above.ResultsThe estimated PAFs (based on DALYs) were 17% (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 14%–20%) for COPD and 10% (95% UI 9%–11%) for asthma. There were estimated to be 519 000 (95% UI 441,000–609,000) deaths from chronic respiratory disease in 2016 due to occupational airborne risk factors (COPD: 460,100 [95% UI 382,000–551,000]; asthma: 37,600 [95% UI 28,400–47,900]; pneumoconioses: 21,500 [95% UI 17,900–25,400]. The equivalent overall burden estimate was 13.6 million (95% UI 11.9–15.5 million); DALYs (COPD: 10.7 [95% UI 9.0–12.5] million; asthma: 2.3 [95% UI 1.9–2.9] million; pneumoconioses: 0.58 [95% UI 0.46–0.67] million). Rates were highest in males; older persons and mainly in Oceania, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa; and decreased from 1990 to 2016.ConclusionsWorkplace exposures resulting in COPD, asthma and pneumoconiosis continue to be important contributors to the burden of disease in all regions of the world. This should be reducible through improved prevention and control of relevant exposures