American legal discourse on child trafficking: the re/production of inequalities and persistence of child criminalization

The criminalization of children commercially-sexually exploited through prostitution persists despite trafficking laws recognizing this as one of the worst forms of exploitation committed against the most vulnerable social group. This thesis examines the re/production of inequalities in American legal discourse on child trafficking, and why child criminalization persists in this context. Employing a child-centered framework built from multi-conscious feminism and the sociologies of law and childhood, it examines mechanisms of othering and criminalization in key legislative debates, statutes and cases of the United States generally as well as two states exemplifying the retributive and child-protective modes of handling child trafficking. It identifies three themes or issues often presented as binaries that structure child trafficking discourse—adult/child, victim/offender and consent/non-consent—and examines how these are deployed to penalize children in general, and minority and immigrant children in particular. First, processes of marginalization related to race, class, gender and immigration have been vital to the construction of childhood (as normative/deviant) in and through trafficking and prostitution laws, which are reproduced through different types of discourses in both states. Second, both retributive and child-protective modes of response preserve child criminalization by maintaining the tension between prostitution and trafficking, and the female culpability associated with prostitution, including through the denial of the victimization of “repeat offenders.” Finally, despite its prohibition, prostitution is conceptualized in contractual terms, which imputes consent to identities constructed through this discourse and renders commercial-sexual exploitation as merely or primarily involving acts of sale, purchase and consumption

MOESM1 of Proteome-wide comparison between the amino acid composition of domains and linkers

Additional file 1. List of proteomes used for the analyses. Each proteome is described by the name of the species, abbreviation as used in the manuscript, UniProt organism ID, number of proteins, and percentage of amino acids from domains/linkers against the total amino acid composition of the proteome

Additional file 4: of Evolutionary stability of topologically associating domains is associated with conserved gene regulation

Table S1. Matching tissues and samples with CAGE expression data in human and mouse. (TSV 2 kb

Additional file 2: of Evolutionary stability of topologically associating domains is associated with conserved gene regulation

Figure S2. Distribution of evolutionary rearrangement breakpoints between human and 12 vertebrate genomes around domains. Relative breakpoint numbers from human and different species (horizontal panels) around hESC TADs (left), GM12878 contact domains (center), and GRBs (left). Blue color scale represents breakpoints from different fill-size thresholds. Dotted lines in gray show simulated background controls of randomly placed breakpoints. (PDF 42 kb

Additional file 1: of Evolutionary stability of topologically associating domains is associated with conserved gene regulation

Figure S1. Breakpoint identification accuracy as compared to gene synteny. Considered are adjacent pairs of human genes with one-to-one orthologs and intergenic distance below a size threshold. (A) Positive predicted value as the fraction of non-syntenic gene pairs with breakpoint from all considered gene pairs (syntenic and non-syntenic) with breakpoint. (B) False positive rate as the percent of syntenic gene pairs with breakpoint from the sum of syntenic pairs with breakpoint and non-syntenic gene pairs without breakpoint. (PDF 21 kb

Additional file 1 of Geometric characterisation of disease modules

Supplementary files. (ZIP 3154 kb

Additional file 2 of Geometric characterisation of disease modules

Supplementary information. (PDF 5687 kb

Additional file 5 of MGFM: a novel tool for detection of tissue and cell specific marker genes from microarray gene expression data

Primer sequences. This file includes the list of all primer sequences used by PCR. (55.7KB PDF

Additional file 3 of MGFM: a novel tool for detection of tissue and cell specific marker genes from microarray gene expression data

Gel electrophoresis images. This file includes the gel electrophoresis images (Figures S1–S11). (981KB PDF

Additional file 4 of MGFM: a novel tool for detection of tissue and cell specific marker genes from microarray gene expression data

Description of the predicted marker genes. (126KB PDF