Angiopoietin-like-4 and minimal change disease

<div><p>Background</p><p>Minimal Change Disease (MCD) is the most common type of nephrotic syndrome in children. Angiopoietin-like-4 (Angplt4) has been proposed as mediator of proteinuria in MCD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of Angptl4 as a biomarker in MCD.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Patients with biopsy-proven primary MCD, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy (60, 52 and 52 respectively) and 18 control subjects had urinary and serum Angptl4 measured by Elisa. Frozen kidney tissue sections were stained for Angptl4.</p><p>Results</p><p>Angptl4 was not identified in glomeruli of MCD patients in relapse. Urinary Angptl4 levels were elevated in MCD in relapse as well as in patients with massive proteinuria due to other glomerular diseases.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Neither serum nor urine Angptl4 appear to be good biomarkers in MCD. Elevated urinary Angptl4 n glomerular disease appears to reflect the degree of proteinuria rather than any specific disease.</p></div

Glomerular Angplt4 staining in patients with MCD and other glomerulopathies.

<p>Angptl4 angiopoietin-like-4, MCD minimal change disease, FSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, LN lupus nephritis, MPGN membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, n refers to the number of patients, Green, blue and red stains represent Angptl4, DAPI and synaptopodin respectively. Yellow lines represent scale bars. Magnification x200.</p

Urinary Angptl4 in MCD, FSGS, MN patients and control subjects.

<p>(A) Urinary Angptl4 in MCD, FSGS, MN patients and control subjects. (B) Urinary Angptl4 in FSGS and MN patients during relapse and remission. MCD minimal change disease, FSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, MN membranous nephropathy, n refers to the number of patients, data expressed as mean±SD.</p

Demographic characteristics of patients and control subjects.

<p>Demographic characteristics of patients and control subjects.</p

Serum Angptl4 in MCD, FSGS, MN during relapse and control subjects.

<p>Angptl4 angiopoietin-like-4, MCD minimal change disease, FSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, MN membranous nephropathy, n refers to the number of patients, data expressed as mean±SD.</p

Inhibitory Activity of Extracts of Top Botanical Candidates.

<p>Inhibitory Activity of Extracts of Top Botanical Candidates.</p

HPLC gradient conditions.

<p>HPLC gradient conditions.</p

Cell viability after exposure to top botanical candidates.

<p>MTT assay was utilized to determine % cell viability of Hep G2 cells after 72 hr exposure to increasing doses of the top four botanical extracts (Lot #1). (A) <i>Angelica archangelica</i>, (B) <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i>, (C) <i>Petroselinum crispum</i>, and (D) <i>Garcinia mangostana</i>.</p

3-Step recombinant ketohexokinase enzymatic assay.

<p>KHKC Ketohexokinase C isoform. PK pyruvate kinase. LDH lactate dehydrogenase.</p

Inhibitory KHKC Activity of Candidate Botanical Extracts.

<p>Inhibitory KHKC Activity of Candidate Botanical Extracts.</p