Wybrane konflikty na scenie politycznej Polski w latach 1989-2014

The main purpose of the article is to make Polish readers curious about the issue of political conflicts during past 25 years and prove them that it is not possible to get rid of them in the political sphere. After explaining the phenomenon of political conflict and the definition, presenting the genesis and methods of solving, there have been presented political conflicts since 1989. First part of the article concentrates on the Polish way to a new democratic order and present political conflicts since the first democratic governments until year 2005. The second part presents the most famous political conflict in years 2005-2014, namely the conflict between PO and PiS. The main purpose of the comparison of the conflicts over the years is to show the differences between them

Impact of temporomandibular joint disorders on body posture

Introduction: Occlusion defects, temporomandibular joints disorders, and postural defects often occur in pediatric patients. The temporomandibular joint disorder is a term that includes a range of clinical complaints of masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint, and related structures. They can lead to incorrect spinal positioning in the cervical spine, which may result in body posture defect. Aim: Review of literature to determine the relationship between temporomandibular joint disorders and postural defects in children. Material and methods: The PubMed, Research Gate and Google Schoolar databases were reviewed using the keywords: (temporomandibular joint, malocclusion), (postural defect). The authors have analyzed articles published in the last 5 years. Results: A forward shift of the body posture due to head protraction, increased cervical lordosis, deepening of lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis occurs in malocclusion class II according to Angle'a scale. This defect affects the location of the center of gravity of the body, which is shifted forward, which causes impairment of gait stability. Whereas class III malocclusions present a shifted posture backward. These defects can cause pain in given structures. The relationship between malocclusion and postural defects can be related to speech defects. Conclusions: Available literature shows that the temporomandibular joint affects body posture. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction can affect the position of the shoulders, spine, pelvis, and limbs. It is necessary to conduct further research on this topic

Cation exchange HPLC analysis of desmosines in elastin hydrolysates

Desmosine crosslinks are responsible for the elastic properties of connective tissues in lungs and cardiovascular system and are often compromised in disease states. We developed a new, fast, and simple cation exchange HPLC assay for the analysis of desmosine and isodesmosine in animal elastin. The method was validated by determining linearity, accuracy, precision, and desmosines stability and was applied to measure levels of desmosines in porcine and murine organs. The detection and quantification limits were 2 and 4 pmol, respectively. The run-time was 8 min. Our cation exchange column does not separate desmosine and isodesmosine, but their level can be quantified from absorbance at different wavelengths. Using this assay, we found that desmosines levels were significantly lower in elastin isolated from various organs of immunodeficient severe combined immunodeficiency mice compared with wild-type animals. We also found that desmosines levels were lower in lung elastin isolated from hyperhomocysteinemic Pcft−/− mice deficient in intestinal folate transport compared with wild-type Pcft+/+ animals

Wybrane konflikty na scenie politycznej Polski w latach 1989-2014

The main purpose of the article is to make Polish readers curious about the issue of political conflicts during past 25 years and prove them that it is not possible to get rid of them in the political sphere. After explaining the phenomenon of political conflict and the definition, presenting the genesis and methods of solving, there have been presented political conflicts since 1989. First part of the article concentrates on the Polish way to a new democratic order and present political conflicts since the first democratic governments until year 2005. The second part presents the most famous political conflict in years 2005-2014, namely the conflict between PO and PiS. The main purpose of the comparison of the conflicts over the years is to show the differences between them

Influence of temperature and C/N ratio on nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria of biofilters treating wastewater from de-icing airport runways

One of the key elements in the operational management of airports is effective de-icing of surfaces. The run-off of precipitation water loaded with pollutants from de-icing is a considerable and costly problem. The aim of our research has been to evaluate the applicability of biofilters filled with light expanded clay aggregate (LECA) generated from incineration of sewage sludge and now serving as a matrix for the development of microorganisms. The tested biofilters treated precipitation water polluted with agents used to de-ice airports. The solution was tested on a laboratory scale, in a range of temperatures from 0 to 25°C, and at concentrations of pollutants from airport de-icing expressed as COD and varying from 503.30 to 3827.50 mg O2·L-1. The tested filling allowed nitrifying as well as denitrifying bacteria to grow and develop even at low temperatures. Biofilters provide simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, as well as removal of organic compounds, even at 0°C. Biofilters based on the granulate prepared from fly ash from sewage sludge thermal treatment can be a cost-efficient and low-maintenance technology to treat airport surface runoff

Wpływ gęstości prądu elektrycznego na właściwą szybkość denitryfikacji i na szybkość usuwania azotu w elektrochemicznym i elektrobiologicznym złożu obrotowym

This study aimed to determine the influence of the electric current density on the rate of nitrogen compounds removal (rN) and the specific rate of denitrification (rD) in a rotating electrochemical disk contractor (RECDC) and a rotating electro-biological disk contactor (REBDC). In REBDC and RECDC, the cathode consisted of disks with immobilized biomass and disk, from which biofilm was periodically removed, respectively. An aluminum anode was mounted in contactor chambers. The study was conducted using synthetic wastewater with characteristics similar to wastewater from soilless cultivation of tomatoes. The first stage of the study determined rN and rD in the RECDC. The second stage determined rN and rD in the REBDC. Four hydraulic retention times (HRT) were tested: 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, and 24 h, with electric current densities of 0.63 A/m2, 1.25 A/m2, 2.50 A/m2, 5.00 A/m2, and 10.00 A/m2. In RECDC, a linear dependency was observed between rN and current density in the examined HRTs, whereas in REBDC, a logarithmic dependency was confirmed between rN and current density. In both contactors, an exponential dependency was observed between rD and current density. The specific rate of denitrification decreased when the current density and HRT were increased. The study showed that, in both contactors, the rate of total nitrogen removal increased when the current density was increased and the HRT was decreased.Celem pracy było określenie wpływu gęstości prądu na szybkość usuwania związków azotu (rN) i na specyficzną szybkość procesu denitryfikacji (rD) w elektrochemicznym tarczowym złożu obrotowym (RECDC) i elektrobiologicznym tarczowym złożu obrotowym (REBDC). W elektrochemicznym tarczowym złożu obrotowym (RECDC) i elektrobiologicznym tarczowym złożu obrotowym (REBDC) katodę stanowiły odpowiednio tarcze pokryte błoną biologiczną i tarcze z których okresowo usuwano błonę biologiczną. Aluminowa anoda była umieszczona w zbiornikach złoża. Badania przeprowadzono na ściekach o wskaźnikach fizykochemicznych podobnych do ścieków z bezglebowej uprawy pomidorów. W pierwszym etapie badań określono wartości rN and rD w RECDC podczas gdy w drugim w REBDC. Zastosowano cztery wartości hydraulicznego czasu zatrzymania (HRT): 4 h, 8 h, 12 h and 24 h dla następujących gęstości prądu: 0.63 A/m2, 1.25 A/m2, 2.50 A/m2, 5.00 A/m2 and 10.00 A/m2. W elektrochemicznym złożu zaobserwowano liniową zależność pomiędzy rN i gęstością prądu, podczas gdy w złożu elektrobiologicznym zależność logarytmiczną. Dla obu złóż stwierdzono wykładniczą zależność pomiędzy rD i gęstością prądu. Specyficzną szybkość procesu denitryfikacji malała wraz ze wzrostem gęstości prądu i HRT. Badania pokazały, że w obu złożach, elektrochemicznym i elektrobiologicznym szybkość usuwania związków azotu obniżała się wraz ze wzrostem gęstości prądu i obniżaniem HRT

Analysis of Wastewater Generated in Greenhouse Soilless Tomato Cultivation in Central Europe

Soilless plantations under cover constitute a significant part of horticulture. This study aimed at determining the qualitative composition of wastewater generated from the soilless cultivation of tomato under cover. This is important for managing the wastewater, which may be recirculated to allow the or employ a partial or complete recovery of minerals. Two plantations located in north-eastern Poland, which differed in the type of substratum (coconut fiber or rockwool), were studied. The generated wastewater was characterized by a low content of organic matter and a high concentration of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and salinity (EC). Over 99% of the TN was constituted by nitrates. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) changed from 50.07 to 75.82 mgO2·L−1 (greenhouse 1), and from 37.35 to 78.12 mgO2·L−1 (greenhouse 2); the content of TN changed from 403.59 to 614.89 mgN·L−1 (greenhouse 1), and from 270.00 to 577.40 mgN·L−1 (greenhouse 2); that of TP changed from 35.44 to 78.00 mgP·L−1 (greenhouse 1), and from 54.10 to 104.00 mgP·L−1 (greenhouse 2); and the EC changed from 3.53 to 6.93 mS·cm−1 (greenhouse 1), and from 4.94 to 6.94 mS·cm−1 (greenhouse 2). No statistically significant correlations were noted between TN and TP, or between TP and EC

The Kinetics of Pollutant Removal through Biofiltration from Stormwater Containing Airport De-Icing Agents

The present study aimed to determine the kinetics of pollutant removal in biofilters with LECA filling (used as a buffer to prevent de-icing agents from being released into the environment with stormwater runoff). It demonstrated a significant effect of temperature and a C/N ratio on the rate of nitrification, denitrification, and organic compound removal. The nitrification rate was the highest (0.32 mg N/L·h) at 25 °C and C/N = 0.5, whereas the lowest (0.18 mg N/L·h) at 0 °C and C/N = 2.5 and 5.0. Though denitrification rate is mainly affected by the available quantity of organic substrate, it actually decreased as the C/N increased and was positively correlated with the temperature levels. Its value was found to be the highest (0.31 mg N/L·h) at 25 °C and C/N = 0.5, and the lowest (0.18 mg N/L·h) at 0 °C and C/N = 5.0. As the C/N increased, so did the content of organic compounds in the treated effluent. The lowest organic removal rates were noted for C/N = 0.5, ranging between 11.20 and 18.42 mg COD/L·h at 0 and 25 °C, respectively. The highest rates, ranging between 27.83 and 59.43 mg COD/L·h, were recorded for C/N = 0.5 at 0 and 25 °C, respectively