Impacts of long-lasting civil conflicts on education: Evidence from the 2014 Census of Myanmar

Geocoded conflict information was combined with the 2014 household census data to study the impact of long-lasting internal conflicts at township level on Myanmar's primary and secondary-level school attendance (i.e., the short-term impact) and years of education (i.e., the long-term impact). The impacts of internal conflicts on school attendance in 2014 were consistently negative. Then, we constructed quasi-panel data for primary-level schooling to find, again, consistently negative impacts of internal conflicts. The results are robust, even if incompleteness of census or migration are taken into account. The estimated magnitudes of the impacts are smaller than those of the findings from other countries: a 10% increase in the number of deaths result in a 0.01% decline in enrollment probability. Finally, we confirmed that exposure to conflicts during age 6-10 years has a negative but insignificant impact on years of education. Gender differences in terms of negative impact are almost negligible. By carefully reviewing previous papers and characteristics of Myanmar’s conflicts up to 2014 with respect to the mechanism of the negative effect of conflict on education, we argue that the small negative impact found in our analysis is due to the long-lasting and low-intensity nature of the conflicts, as well as the fact that schools and social services are provided by military forces. However, it is important to note that our analysis does not include data of the recent violence in Rakhine state

Study of the Mechanical Behavior of Traditional Japanese Mud Wall on Bamboo Lath

Mud wall on bamboo lath is a traditional Japanese method for constructing walls. Although the use of mud walls is environmentally friendly, it is necessary to evaluate the performances of the walls, especially their structural resistance, for broader and safe application. However, the performances of mud walls vary widely with various factors, including the locality, the natural materials used, the construction method adopted, and the quality of workmanship. In this study, the combinations of factors expected to improve the initial stiffness and toughness of mud walls were first determined based on previous studies. Subsequently, to reveal the influences of the bamboo lath configuration and properties of the wall mud on the structural resistance, structural experiments were conducted using full-section-sized specimens, the mechanical behavior observed, and characteristic values calculated. The results indicate that a mud wall of high initial stiffness can be practically achieved by avoiding gaps between the load-bearing elements and using wall mud with large elastic modulus and compressive strength. However, such walls tend to have reduced toughness because of marked delamination at the interface of the layers

Impacts of long-lasting civil conflicts on education: Evidence from the 2014 Census of Myanmar

Geocoded conflict information was combined with the 2014 household census data to study the impact of long-lasting internal conflicts at township level on Myanmar's primary and secondary-level school attendance (i.e., the short-term impact) and years of education (i.e., the long-term impact). The impacts of internal conflicts on school attendance in 2014 were consistently negative. Then, we constructed quasi-panel data for primary-level schooling to find, again, consistently negative impacts of internal conflicts. The results are robust, even if incompleteness of census or migration are taken into account. The estimated magnitudes of the impacts are smaller than those of the findings from other countries: a 10% increase in the number of deaths result in a 0.01% decline in enrollment probability. Finally, we confirmed that exposure to conflicts during age 6-10 years has a negative but insignificant impact on years of education. Gender differences in terms of negative impact are almost negligible. By carefully reviewing previous papers and characteristics of Myanmar’s conflicts up to 2014 with respect to the mechanism of the negative effect of conflict on education, we argue that the small negative impact found in our analysis is due to the long-lasting and low-intensity nature of the conflicts, as well as the fact that schools and social services are provided by military forces. However, it is important to note that our analysis does not include data of the recent violence in Rakhine state

Platanoid leaves from Cenomanian to Turonian Mikasa Formation, northern Japan and their mode of occurrence

金沢大学理工研究域自然システム学系Ettingshausenia cuneifolia is reported from the Cenomanian to Turonian Mikasa Formation of central Hokkaido. These leaves occur exclusively in carbonaceous mudstone deposited in either lagoon or marsh. Based on their mode of occurrence, these remnants may have been trapped in the sediments without long prior transport (parautochthonous). © by the Palaeontological Society of Japan

Affective dimension of people with acquired deafness before and after the use of cochlear implant

Este estudo teve como objetivo averiguar, antes e após o uso do implante coclear, a dimensão afetiva em pacientes adultos com surdez adquirida, no que diz respeito às modalidades dos sentimentos egoicos, sentimentos em relação ao próximo, sentimentos de temporalidade e estados de ânimo. Participaram 44 adultos que realizaram o implante coclear no Centro de Pesquisas Audiológicas do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo de Bauru. Concluiu-se que, na vivência da surdez, houve predomínio de sentimentos negativos e de um clima afetivo de tensão e depressão, que levava o sujeito a uma vinculação negativa, de assintonia com o mundo. Entretanto, na vivência com o implante coclear, houve predomínio de sentimentos positivos e de um clima afetivo de tranquilidade e contentamento, observando-se uma vinculação positiva do sujeito e sintonia com o mundo

A experiência do adolescente usuário de implante coclear

Este estudo buscou compreender a vida cotidiana de adolescentes com implante coclear. Os participantes da pesquisa foram quatro adolescentes do sexo feminino, entre 13 e 16 anos de idade. Nesta pesquisa qualitativa, a análise dos resultados baseou-se no método fenomenológico. Concluiuse que o contexto escolar era marcado por dificuldades, especialmente na língua portuguesa; o contexto familiar era vivido como espaço de apoio; o namoro/ficar era permeado por sentimentos de inferioridade e marcado pelo preconceito. A importância da amizade era evidente para os adolescentes, e o implante coclear significava satisfação em ouvir e a constatação da deficiência auditiva